OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 4: Prokaryotic Diversity, Exams of Health sciences

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Foundations Of Nursing (Ohio University)

OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 4: Prokaryotic Diversity **Chapter 4: Prokaryotic Diversity

• = Correct answer Multiple Choice**

1. Which is the best example of a population? A. all the microbes living in a particular area B. all the microbes of a particular domain living in a particular area C. all the microbes of a single species living in a particular area* D. all the microbes living within the same host Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 20
2. Microbial ecology is defined as the study of which of the following? A. competitive interactions between microbes B. cooperative interactions between microbes C. interactions between individuals of a single species D. interactions between microbial populations and their environment* Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 20
3. Which term best describes the relationship between pathogenic bacteria and humans? A. amensalism B. commensalism C. parasitism* D. predation Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23
4. Which of the following is not a class within the phylum Proteobacteria? A. Alphaproteobacteria B. Betaproteobacteria C. Deltaproteobacteria D. Omegaproteobacteria* Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: N/A
5. Which of the following correctly characterizes Epsilonproteobacteria? A. They are atypical (not gram positive or gram negative). B. They are gram negative.* C. They are gram positive.

OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 4: Prokaryotic Diversity C. Rhizobium * D. Vibrio Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 11, 24

11. Approximately what percentage of prokaryotes are thought to be pathogens? A. <1%* B. 12% C. 26% D. 48% Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23
12. Two species of bacteria live in near each other and use similar food resources. Which type of biological interaction does this describe? A. a competitive interaction* B. a cooperative interaction C. a mutualistic interaction D. a parasitic interaction Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23
13. Which of the following is a source of vitamin K for humans? A. Bacteroides thetaiotetraiotamicron digests foods, which release vitamin K. B. Escherichia coli in their digestive tract produces vitamin K.* C. S. epidermidis releases vitamin K from dead cells. D. their diet only Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23, 24
14. The human microbiome consists of which of the following? A. all microbes present on or in the body* B. pathogenic microbes only C. resident microbes only D. transient microbes only Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23
15. The most common bacterial genus found in plaque on teeth is which of the following? A. Fusobacterium* B. Haemophilus

OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 4: Prokaryotic Diversity C. Lactobacillus D. Streptococcus Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 23

16. Who authored A Manual in Determinative Bacteriology , published in 1923? A. David Bergey* B. Robert Koch C. Barry Marshall and Robin Warren D. Louis Pasteur Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: N/A
17. Which of the following cannot be classified as either gram positive or gram negative on the basis of the Gram staining protocol? A. Bacillus B. Escherichia C. Mycoplasma * D. Vibrio Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: N/A
18. Bordetella pertussis is an example of which group of organisms? A. Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides B. high G+C bacteria C. Proteobacteria* D. spirochetes Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: N/A
19. Treponema pallidum , the causative agent of syphilis, is an example of which group of organisms? A. CFB group B. planctomycetes C. proteobacteria D. spirochetes* Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: N/A
20. Which of the following correctly describes the microscopic morphology of Bacteroides? A. gram-negative bacilli*

OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 4: Prokaryotic Diversity C. Proteobacteria D. spirochetes Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 11

26. Which best describes Crenarchaeota? A. aquatic archaea abundant in oceans* B. aquatic bacteria abundant in oceans C. archaea that cause dental disease D. pathogenic bacteria that infect animals Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 11
27. The LPSN refers to which of the following? A. a guide to bacterial identification B. a list of approved bacterial names* C. a taxonomic key to aid identification of bacteria D. an overview of current bacterial systematics Difficulty: Difficult ASM Standard: N/A
28. Which of the following is not a genus of Betaproteobacteria? A. Bordetella B. Chlamydia * C. Leptothrix D. Thiobacillus Difficulty: Difficult ASM Standard: N/A
29. Which of the following bacterial genera is microaerophilic? A. Bdellovibrio B. Campylobacter * C. Klebsiella D. Pseudomonas Difficulty: Difficult ASM Standard: 11, 20, 22
30. Rhodospirillum , a genus capable of fixing nitrogen, is a type of which of the following? A. green nonsulfur bacteria B. green sulfur bacteria

OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 4: Prokaryotic Diversity C. purple nonsulfur bacteria* D. purple sulfur bacteria Difficulty: Difficult ASM Standard: 11

31. Which genus, believed to be the deepest-branching archaeal genus, has flagella and is strictly anaerobic? A. Methanosarcina B. Pyrolobus C. Sulfolobus D. Thermoproteus * Difficulty: Difficult ASM Standard: 5, 20
32. Which best describes the class Halobacteria? A. archaeans that require highly saline environments* B. archaeans that require methane-rich environments C. bacteria that require highly arid environments D. bacteria that require highly saline environments Difficulty: Difficult ASM Standard: 20
33. Methanobrevibacter oralis is an example of which type of organism? A. a bacterium that takes advantage of the conditions caused by immunosuppression, as can occur during cancer treatment B. a pathogenic archaean C. a pathogenic bacterium D. an archaean that takes advantage of the conditions caused by periodontal disease to grow; may or may not affect disease progression* Difficulty: Difficult ASM Standard: 23
34. A toga is which of the following? A. a structure produced by the fungus Tolypocladium inflatum that has medicinal uses B. an outer membrane found in a taxon within the deeply branching bacteria* C. an outer peptidoglycan layer found in a taxon within the proteobacteria D. an unusual cell wall found in some archaeans Difficulty: Difficult ASM Standard: 8 True/False

OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 4: Prokaryotic Diversity

42. Phototrophic bacteria may have carotenoids, which are the red and orange pigments also used as accessory pigments by plants. Answer: True Difficulty: Difficult ASM Standard: 11
43. The class Bacilli includes both rod-shaped and spherical bacterial species. Answer: True Difficulty: Difficult ASM Standard: N/A Matching
44. Match each type of association with the best definition. A. amensalism i. neither organism affects the other B. commensalism ii. both organisms benefit C. mutualism iii. one organism benefits and the other is harmed D. neutralism iv. one organism is harmed and the other is not affected E. parasitism v. one organism benefits and the other is not affected Answers: A. iv., B. v., C. ii., D. i., E. iii. Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 20, 23
45. Match each type of association with the best example. A. amensalism i. A mold produces a chemical that kills bacteria without apparently benefiting. B. commensalism ii. A helminth takes up residence in a human digestive tract, consuming nutrients. C. mutualism iii. Flagellates live in the gut of termites, feeding on the wood consumed by the termite and allowing the termite access to nutrition and energy in wood that they could not otherwise digest. D. parasitism iv. Aerobic bacteria in the human colon consume oxygen, making it possible for anaerobic species to survive. Answers: A. i., B. iv., C. iii., D. ii. Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 20, 23
46. Match each genus with the appropriate class of Proteobacteria. A. Alphaproteobacteria i. Myxobacterium B. Betaproteobacteria ii. Rickettsia C. Deltaproteobacteria iii. Neisseria D. Epsilonproteobacteria iv. Escherichia E. Gammaproteobacteria v. Helicobacter

OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 4: Prokaryotic Diversity Answers: A. ii., B. iii., C. i., D. v., E. iv. Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: N/A

47. Match each low G+C bacterial genus with the best description of its morphology. A. Clostridium i. chains or pairs of cocci B. Enterococcus ii. pairs of cocci, not chains C. Mycoplasma iii. gram-positive rods D. Streptococcus iv. relatively small, pleomorphic Answers: A. iii., B. ii., C. iv., D. i. Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 34
48. Match each genus of Actinobacteria with its best description. A. Actinomyces i. facultative anaerobes; can live in soil and can be associated with periodontal disease B. Bifidobacterium ii. found in the human vagina and associated with vaginosis C. Corynebacterium iii. associated with legumes and fix nitrogen D. Frankia iv. can be aerobes or facultative anaerobes; form palisades

E. Gardnerella TESTvB. aAnNaeKroSbEicLbLaEctRer.iaCcOomMmon in the

human gut Answers: A. i., B. v., C. iv., D. iii., E. ii. Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 20, 23

49. Match each group of bacteria with its best description. A. deeply branching bacteria i. large group of gram-negative bacteria that includes five diverse classes B. high G+C bacteria ii. gram-positive group that includes the Actinobacteria C. low G+C bacteria iii. gram-positive group that includes the Bacilli D. nonproteobacteria iv. many thrive at high temperatures and in harsh environments; believed to have similarities with ancient bacteria E. Proteobacteria v. gram-negative bacteria including the spirochetes, GFC group, and planctomyces Answers: A. iv., B. ii., C. iii., D. v., E. i. Difficulty: Difficult ASM Standard: 34 Fill in the Blank
50. is the domain that includes the Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota.

OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 4: Prokaryotic Diversity Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: N/A

58. A special growth medium called agar is required to culture members of the genus Neisseria. Answer: chocolate Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 33, 36
59. The medically important genus Salmonella is classified within the family of the Gammaproteobacteria. Answer: Enterobacteriaceae Difficulty: Difficult ASM Standard: N/A Short Answer
60. What is the term for different strains within a bacterial species, also called serotypes? Sample Answer: Different strains within a bacterial species are called serovars. Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: N/A
61. Which genus of Gammaproteobacteria is associated with infections in patients with cystic fibrosis? Sample Answer: Pseudomonas spp. is especially important as a cause of infections associated with cystic fibrosis. Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: 23
62. What is unusual about the morphology of myxobacteria? Sample Answer: Myxobacteria are social and capable of forming multicellular structures called fruiting bodies. Difficulty: Easy ASM Standard: N/A
63. How do cyanobacteria obtain energy? Sample Answer: Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic and can convert light energy from the sun to chemical energy they can use. Difficulty: Easy

OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 4: Prokaryotic Diversity ASM Standard: 11

64. What is the major way that purple nonsulfur and purple sulfur bacteria differ? Sample Answer: Purple sulfur bacteria use hydrogen sulfide for oxidation and purple nonsulfur bacteria use hydrogen for oxidation. Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 11
65. Why are bacteria in the CFB group classified together even though they are phylogenetically diverse? Sample Answer: Although this group is phylogenetically diverse and not monophyletic, they share important similarities. They share some DNA sequences, are gram-negative rods, and grow anaerobically by fermentation. Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: N/A
66. What is the role of Bacteroides in the human gut and what are the effects of antibiotic use on them? Sample Answer: Bacteroides lives in a mutualistic relationship with humans. Humans provide nutrients and the Bacteroides help prevent the establishment of pathogenic bacteria in the human gut. When Bacteroides populations are decreased because of antibiotic use, the

risk increases of harmful specTieEsSbTecBoAmNinKgSmEoLreLaEbuRn.dCanOt.M

Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 14, 22, 23

67. Describe the classification and characteristics of Helicobacter pylori. Why is it of medical importance? Sample Answer: Helicobacter pylori is classified in the Epsilonproteobacteria and is a gram- negative, spiral-shaped rod. It is of medical importance because it is associated with gastritis, stomach ulcers, and cancer of the stomach and duodenum. Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 14, 23
68. Which taxonomic groups of bacteria are considered phototrophic groups? List the groups and provide examples. Sample Answer: The phototrophic bacteria include Proteobacteria and nonproteobacteria. Phototrophic bacteria are found in the Proteobacteria and the nonproteobacteria. They include the green sulfur bacteria, the green nonsulfur bacteria, the purple sulfur bacteria, the purple nonsulfur bacteria, and the cyanobacteria. Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 22

OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 4: Prokaryotic Diversity Difficulty: Difficult ASM Standard: 11, 22 Brief Essay Essay Question Rubric RATING Failing Below Average Competent Advanced Criteria for evaluation Answer does not provide an argument. Answer contains inaccuracies. Writing is poor and contains numerous grammatical mistakes and misspellings. Answer fails to provide examples to support an argument. Writing is poor and grammatical errors are common. Answer is somewhat incoherent. Answer provides an argument with one or two examples that support it. Writing is acceptable for the college level but may contain one or two grammatical mistakes or misspellings. Answer clearly provides an argument with two or more excellent examples that support it; student makes the argument clearly and eloquently. Answer is well organized and free of grammatical errors and misspellings. POINT VALUE

Assume rating/grading scale for the question ranges from 0 to 3 points.

75. The Epsilonbacteria include two genera of particular medical importance. What are these two genera and why are they important? Answer: Student answers will vary but should include components of the following. The two genera are Campylobacter and Helicobacter. C. jejuni is associated with food poisoning that causes enteritis. H. pylori can be asymptomatic but is also associated with gastritis, ulcers, and cancer of the stomach and duodenum. Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 22, 23
76. The term “neutralism” technically means an interaction in which two species do not affect each other. Is this likely to occur when two organisms exist in the same location? Explain why this particular type of interaction is difficult to identify and why some argue that it may not exist in nature. Answer: Student answers will vary but should include components of the following. Organisms that live in the same location may have indirect effects on each other that are not easily observable or measured, especially if they use the same resources and space. Even when organisms appear distinct, all the organisms in the community are likely interconnected in some direct or indirect ways. This makes it difficult to conclude that a relationship is completely neutral, with neither organism having any effect on the other. Difficulty: Moderate

OpenStax Microbiology Test Bank Chapter 4: Prokaryotic Diversity ASM Standard: 20, 22, 23

77. Mycoplasmas are considered atypical, rather than gram positive or gram negative. Why is it not possible to use a standard Gram stain technique to classify these bacteria? What color would they appear if stained using a Gram stain technique? Answer: Student answers will vary but should include components of the following. Mycoplasmas do not have a cell wall. The Gram stain technique differentially stains bacteria on the basis of whether they have a relatively thick peptidoglycan layer that holds in the crystal violet stain (gram positive) or a thinner peptidoglycan layer with an outer membrane that lets out crystal violet when decolorized with ethanol. Mycoplasmas do not fit into either of these categories because they do not have a cell wall. If stained using a Gram stain technique, they would not have a thick peptidoglycan layer to hold in the crystal violet stain and, therefore, would show the color of the counterstain (usually pink from safranin). Difficulty: Moderate ASM Standard: 32, 34
78. Methanobrevibacter oralis is an archaean that has been identified in patients with periodontal disease. Explain how this finding does not necessarily mean causation and what would be needed to conclude that an archaean was responsible for a particular disease. Answer: Student answers will vary but should include the following. These archaeans have been found in patients with periodontal disease, but research suggests they are taking advantage of the environment produced by the disease rather than being a cause of the

disease. This is an example ofTwEhSyTiBt iAs NimKpSoErtaLnLt EtoRre.mCeOmMber

that finding a correlation is not the same as showing causation. So far, no archaean has been found to cause disease. If needed, Koch’s postulates could be used to examine a possible pathogenic archaean. If the organism could be isolated from individuals with the disease, and infecting other individuals with the organism caused the disease, then that would provide more substantial evidence of a causal relationship. It is not always possible to use Koch’s postulates. For example, it would be unethical to infect someone with a potentially dangerous pathogen. In those cases, it would be important to carefully look for the pathogen in individuals with and without the disease and to examine changes over time associated with having the microbe present, including differences in disease outcomes. Difficulty: Difficult ASM Standard: 23, 28

79. When scientists first proposed that Helicobacter pylori might be associated with stomach ulcers, other scientists were very skeptical of their conclusions. One of the researchers eventually consumed a sample and documented the effects, dramatically showing that the bacterium could cause gastrointestinal symptoms. Why do you think scientists were initially skeptical that a bacterium, rather than stress and lifestyle factors, could be responsible for gastritis, ulcers, and stomach cancer? Answer: Student answers will vary but should include components of the following. The stomach is very acidic, containing digestive enzymes as well, and it had seemed unlikely that bacteria could survive in such a hostile environment. The findings regarding H. pylori led to