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The concept of operant conditioning, a learning theory proposed by B.F. Skinner that emphasizes the role of consequences in shaping behavior. the history of operant conditioning, its differences from classical conditioning, and the various types of reinforcement and punishment. It also includes examples and real-life applications of these concepts.
Typology: Summaries
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What is Operant Conditioning? Ch.6-Learning 2
B. F. Skinner believed that more behaviors can be explained through Operant Conditioning than through classical conditioning. Also referred to as Instrumental Conditioning 3
Edward Thorndike was the first to examine this process of conditioning in the 1890’s, by placing cats in “puzzle boxes”
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6 Skinner believed that an organism’s behavior was directly related to consequences.
Skinner only studied overt behavior
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In Operant conditioning a consequence immediately follows a desired response and occur only if the behavior occurs. Reinforcers ____________________________________ Punishers ______________________________________ 11
A reinforcer is any event that increases the likelihood of the event or behavior happening again. Reinforcers can be positive or negative. 12
Positive reinforcement is the presentation of a stimulus after a behavior. Example- ___________________________________
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Negative reinforcement is the removal or avoidance of a stimulus after a response. Example-_____________________________________
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Martha was a five-year-old girl who attended preschool. She seldom played with the other children. Workers at the preschool began praising and admiring Martha when she engaged in cooperative play with other children. As a result of this procedure Martha's level of cooperative play with the other children increased. 20
Linda buys her 3 year-old daughter candy to stop a temper tantrum. George shoots up heroin to prevent the symptoms associated with heroin withdrawal. A high school teacher began disapproving of the students' disruptive behaviors when they occurred. This resulted in an increase in the level of disruptive behaviors. Diane’s supervisor compliments her on her hard work. If Billy cleans his room, he will no longer have to stay inside 21
How can we weaken a behavior? ‐Punishment ‐Extinction
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Punishment is often confused with Negative Reinforcement…but they are NOT the same. The goal is different than that of reinforcement. 23
Punishment decreases the probability that a response will occur. The process of delivering an unpleasant stimulus, or removing a desired stimulus.
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There are many limitations of punishment:
How would your behavior change if I stopped giving you extra credit when you submitted your flash cards on time? The result is a decrease it the likelihood that the behavior will ______________________________
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Four schedules are based on patterns of intermittent reinforcement.
Two are ratio schedules
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Albert Bandura- Social Learning Theory 32
Bandura suggested that an organism learns new responses by observing the behavior and then imitating it. Bandura was interested in explaining aggressive behavior 33
Children who watched violent media were more likely to punch a Bobo Doll afterwards than children who did not watch a violent media. Aggression can be learned.