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AppendixA _________ _

Optical Properties of Common

Rock-Forming Minerals

Optical

Properties

of

Common

Rock-Forming

Minerals

J.

B.

Lyons,

S.

A.

Morse, and

R.

E.

Stoiber

Distinguishing Characteristics

Chemical

XI.

System

and

Indices

Birefringence

"Characteristically parallel,

but

Mineral

Composition

Best

Cleavage

Sign,2V

and

Relief

and

Color

see

Fig.

A.

High Positive Relief

Zircon

ZrSiO.

Tet.

High

biref.

Small euhedral grains

show

parallel" extinction;

may

cause

pleochroic haloes if

enclosed

in

other minerals

Sphene

CaTiSiO

s^

Mon.

High

biref.

Wedge-shaped grains;

may

(Titanite)

to

show

cleavage or

Often

or

parting; ZI\c=

brownish

in

very

high

relief;

r>v

extreme.

color

CtJ I)

Gamet

A

B2(SiO.las

where

Iso.

High

Grandite

often

Very

pale

pink commonest

A =

R2+

and

B = R

S^ +

weakly

color; inclusions

common.

birefracting.

Indices vary widely

with

composition. Crystals

often

euhedraL

Uvarovite

green,

very

rare.

Staurolite

H

FeAI.Si

O'2 2

Orth.

2V

Low

biref.

Pleochroic colorless

to

golden

(approximately)

yellow;

one

good

cleavage;

twins cruciform or oblique;metamorphic.

Olivine Series

Mg

SiO.^2

Orth.

2V=

High

biref.

Colorless

(Fo)

to

yellow

or

pale

to

to

brown

(Fa);

high

relief.

Fe

SiO. 2

Orth.

2V=

High

biref.

Shagreen

(mottled) surface;

l~

often

cracked

and

altered

to

%II

-

serpentine. Poor

and

cleavages. Extinction

par-

alleL"

Chemical

XI.

System and

Indices

Birefringence

Mineral

Composition

Best Cleavage

Sign,2V

and Relief

and Color

Distinguishing Characteristics

Chloritoid

H2FeAI

Si

7

Mon. (110)

)^

Low

Pleochroic in greenish-black to

2V

gray. Epidote has better cleav-age. X parallel to (010) parting.

Zoisite

HCa2A13Si30'

Orth. (010)

Low (.006)

Abnormal blue interference

2V =

ors; one cleavage; parallel" ex-

r<v

tinction; colorless.

Epidote

H(CaFe)2AI3Si30'

Mon. (001)

2V = 75

High (.033-to

Abnormal interference colors;

Zl\cleavage=

14°-24°;weakly

pleochroic in pistachio greens;usually in fine aggregates.

Kyanite

AI

2 Si

5

Tri.

2V = 83

Low (.012)

High relief; 2 good cleavages,

w

best is (100);

Zl\c=300;

alters

I:)

to sericite; nice colorless

co

blades.

Pyroxene

93-8r

Cleavage characteristic;

cf.

am-

phibole.

Enstatite

MgSi

Orth. (210)

(+)2V=

Low biref.

Parallel" extinction. Colorless.

Hypersthene

(MgFe)Si

Orth. (210)

2V = 75

Low biref.

Parallel" extinction; faint pink

to green pleochroism dis-tinctive.

Pigeonite

(MgFe)Si03 +

CaSi

Mon. (110)

2V =

Low biref.

Colorless;

Zl\c=22°-45°;

low

2V diagnostic.

Diopside

CaMgSi

s

Mon. (110)

2V = 60

Mod. biref.

Zl\c=38°;

colorless; pure form

common chiefly

in

contact

metamorphic rocks.

Continued

(Pyroxene,

cont.)

Augite

Ca(MgFe)Si

O.^2

Mon.

2V

Mod.

biref.

Zl\c=48°-54°;

may

twin

on

or

light colored

in

thin

section,

but

reddish

or

vio-

let

when

n

is

abundant.

Aegirinaugite

Ca(MgFe)Si

Mon.

2V

Mod.

biref.

Zl\c=65°-75°;

pleochroic

in

NaFeSi

O. 2

Green

greens;

may

show

inclined

dis-

persion;

common

in

alkalic

rocks.

Apatite

Ca

(F,CI)(P0s

la 4

Hex.

Low

Small

hexagonal

prisms;

sha-

green surface; colorless.

Small

inclusions

common.

Andalusite

AI

SiO 2

s^

Orth.

2V

Low

Faint pink pleochroism;

X=c;

carbonaceous inclusions;

al-

ters to sericite.

Ul

B.

Intermediate Positive Relief

N

Perfect basal cleavage

co

Micas

Muscovite

KAI

[AISi 2

1O,o(OH)2 3

Mon.

2V

High

biref.

High

index

parallels

cleavage;

colorless.

Sericite

Fine

grained muscovite.

Biotite

K(Mg,

Fe),(AISi

10,o(OH)2 3

Mon.

2V

High

biref.

Pleochroic;

max.

absorption

o

Green,

brown

and

high

index parallel

cleav-

age;

pleochroic haloes

around

inclusions; green

ferric,

brown

titanian.

Paragonite

NaAI

2 [AISi

3 1O,o(OH)

Mon.

Na

analog

of

muscovite,

with

which

it

may

be

intergrown

in

schists; X-ray or

probe

needed

to

identify.

Chlorite

(Mg,AI,FeMAI,SiI

0,o(OH)e 4

Mon.

or

Very

low

B;

Perf.

cleavage;

may

small-zero

pleochroic

in

show

abnormal interference

greens

colors;

max.

absorption

paral-

lel

to

cleavage;

high

index

par-

allel or

normal

to cleavage.

Bytownite

An

-do-

2V=

Fine

lamellar exsolution

common.

Anorthite

CaAI

Si 2

An

-do-

2V=

~=1.

Metamorphic

and

arc

volcanic

Plagioclase

end

rocks.

member

Quartz

Si

2

Hex.

~=1.

Low

No

color,

cleavage,

or alter-

w=1.

ation.

Often

has

inclusions;

un-

dulatory extinction

common.

Nepheline

NaAISi

4

Hex.

w=1.536-

Low

Resembles

quartz,

but

sign

negative.

Told

from

orthoclase

by

higher

index

and

uniaxial

character; often altered

to

can-

crinite or sodalite

(blue).

CAl

Cordierite

Mg.A

Si 4

O,.s

Orth.

2V

~=1.

Low

Often

confused

with

quartz

but

CAl ....

biaxial;

also

may

show

inclu-

sions of sillimanite, yellow

pleo-

chroic

haloes,

and

characteris-

tic

twins.

Scapolite

Marialite

-Ab

NaCI

Tet.

w=1.539-

Alteration of

plagioclase,

Meionite

-An

CaC

3

often

zoned

mostly

contact-metamorphic.

int.

colors

Zoned

interference

colors

char-

acteristic.

D.

Moderate

Negative

Relief

Leucite

KAISi

O. 2

Iso.

n=1.

Generally weakly birefracting;inclusions

common;

trapezo-

hedral crystals.

Analcite

NaAISi

O.·H 2

O 2

Iso.

n=1.

Trapezohedral

form;

generally

lacks

inclusions.

Chemical

XI.

System

and

Indices

Birefringence

Mineral

Composition

Best

Cleavage

Sign,2V

and

Relief

and

Color

Distinguishing Characteristics

Calcite

CaC

3

Hex.

Extreme

biref.

Differential relief

on

rotation

of

E=1.

stage;

one

index

below

other

far

above;

rhombohedral

cleavage;

often

twinned;

told

from

other

rhombohedral

car-

bonates

only

by

index.

Cristobalite

Si

Tet.

Low

Often

looks

isotropic;

multiple

E=1.

twinning; generally

in

fibrous

balls

in

cavities;

negative

U)

relief.

U)I)

Tridymite

Si

Orth.

2V=

Low

Lath-shaped

forms;

negative

elongation;

wedge-shaped

grains; slight

pinkish

color;

neg-

ative

relief.

Zeolites

Complex

hydrous

Orth.

(^ +)

or

rarely

Low-Mod.

Generally

low

index,

weak

Na,Ca,AI

silicate

biref.;

rarely

colored;

often

fi-

brous.

See

tables for

more

data.

Fluorite

CaF

Iso.

n=1.

Often

in

euhedral

octahedra.

Common

accessory

in

some

granites.

'Characteristically parallel,

but

see

Fig.

334 Appendix^ B:^ Identification of Fibrous Asbestos

tion is the orange-red ("pylon") color described in Chapter 3 (see Fig.

3-15 or Fig. 17-3). Dispersion staining is used in many industriallabora-

tories to enhance the appearance of asbestos fibers and determine their

refractive index. If dispersion staining is used with central screening

(Chapter 3; McCrone, 1987; McCrone et a1. 1977), the color indicating

the condition of match is deep violet (Fleischer et aI., 1984, Table 1).

Other colors may be interpreted, according to the method used, by

reference to either of these figures or the table. Either method leads

to the correct result.

The two amphiboles have high refractive index, near 1.7, whereas

chrysotile has a moderate refractive index near 1.5; this distinction

provides a fundamental and rapid basis for identification. If the un-

known fiber sample is immersed in a liquid of n = 1.56 and shows low

relief or color fringes it cannot be one of the amphiboles. Conversely, if

the sample is immersed in a liquid of n = 1.7 any amphiboles present

will have low relief or show color fringes, whereas any chrysotile

present will have high negative relief.

The sign of the elongation is diagnostic between the amphiboles,

being positive in grunerite and negative in riebeckite (the terms length-

slow and length-fast, respectively, are also in common use). Birefrin-

gence, hence interference color, is also diagnostic, being much larger

in grunerite. The most spectacular diagnostic feature is the blue color

of riebeckite, easily recognized in fibers only a few micrometers thick.

The woolly material is pale blue to the naked eye, and unprocessed

fibers are dark blue.

The high refractive index along the length of grunerite is about

the same as the low refractive index along the length of riebeckite. A

1.698 oil is effective in seeking a color fringe to identify these minerals

because it is more stable than the common 1.7+ oils and hence needs

less frequent calibration.

The dispersion method affords a rapid means of establishing quan-

titatively the diagnostic refractive index of fibrous asbestos. It is used

according to the methods described in Chapter 16.

Values of the dispersion, n F - no were determined at the Univer-

sity of Massachusetts from standard samples of the three mineral

groups, with the results shown in Table B-1. Fibers were matched

at varying wavelengths of light in different oils, and the results

regressed in Hartmann space. A binder present in the grunerite

sample was removed by dissolution in water, followed by rinsing

in acetone and drying in air. Results were easily obtained for gruner-

ite and chrysotile, but the high color of riebeckite makes the recogni-

tion of color fringes and shadows difficult. To enhance the use of

the oblique illumination stop inserted from the NW, the polarizer

Appendix B: Identification of Fibrous Asbestos 335

Table B-

Properties of Common Asbestos Minerals

Amphibole Serpentine

Grunerite Riebeckite Chrysotile

(Amosite) (Crocidolite)

Approximate Fe 7 Si a 0 22 (OH)2 Na2Fe 3 (AI,Fe)2 Mg sSi 4 0 1o (OH)a

chemical Si a 0 22 (OH)

composition

Crystal System Monoclinic Monoclinic Monoclinic

Fiber axis c c a

Elongation + + (Z fiber)

(length slow) (length fast) or

• (X fiber)

n along fiber -y' ex' -y' (Z); ex' (X)

= 1.70 = 1.70 = 1.56; = 1.

Reported range 1.679-1.719 1.685-1.700 1.545-61 (Z)

1.538-60 (X)

Standard sample 1.6995 1.6995 1.559 (Z)

(UMass)

Birefringence strong, 0.04 weak,0.004 weak, < 0.

n F - nc 0.012^ 0.019^ 0.

Color of fibers Colorless to Dark blue to Colorless

pale yellow greenish

yellow

At matching refractive index:

Color fringe in Orange-red Orange-red Orange-red

oblique illumination (may^ be

obscured)

Dispersion color Deep violet Deep violet Deep violet

(central screen) (may be

obscured)

Diagnostic features + elong, B, Blue color, low n, ± elong

-y' near 1.7 ex' near 1.7 colorless

and the fiber were oriented NE, so the shadow appeared evenly

along the length of the fiber. Slight misorientation is of no concern

because of the low birefringence. The refractive indices no found for

-y' of grunerite and (x' of riebeckite were both 1.6995. The chrysotile

sample was determined to have -y' = 1.559±O.OOl, the relatively

large error bracket being due mainly to demonstrably real variation

among the fibers rather than uncertainty in the wavelength of

match.

Other possibly fibrous minerals that may occur in asbestos samples

are talc (n along fiber 1.59), brucite (1.56), tremolite (1.63), actinolite

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(1933) On the use of standard glass powders in refractive index determination, Am. ##### Mineralogist 18, 421-30. 73, 290 ## Index ##### Accessory plate, 38, 57-59, 107-109, 142-145, ##### Acute bisectrix (Bxa), 125, 163, 164, 180, 220, ##### Amphibole, 101, 168, 202, 214, 227, 238, 263, Biaxial crystals, 8, 9, 15, 30, 104, 106, 115, Birefringence, 28, 44, 71, 78, 103, 104, 109, 111, 113, 120, 124, 127, 129, 130, 132, 133, 136, 144-146, 150, 156, 166, 167, - a-normal method, 234, - Abbe refractometer, 23, 40, 72, - and critical angle, - high accuracy, 40, - 139, 199, 201, 202, 324, 327, Absorption, 6, 25-27, 29, 47, 82, 135, 137- - biaxial crystals, - defined, - determination, 138, 201- - Absorption axes, - Absorption formula, 137, 138, 201, - biaxial, - uniaxial, - 229, 237, 284, 288, 148, 151, 153, 182, 187, 204, 205, 212, - colors rise or fall, - effect of, - principle, - retardation in, - three most common types, - use of, 106, - used to identify interference color, - 158, 210, Accuracy, 16, 35, 40, 42, 71-73, 86, 112, 149, - defined, - improving, - in routine work, - of dispersion method, 289, - of immersion method, - tested, - Acicular crystal habit, - Actinolite, 301, 327, 333, 335, - Activity, optical, - defined, - Aegirinaugite, - Aenigmatite, 254, - 310, Air, 3, 14, 17, 18, 23, 24, 34, 164, 165, 186, - color of light in, - n taken as 1 in, - refractive index of, - wave velocity, - 277-279, 320, 322, Albite, 215, 230, 234, 240-242, 266, 274, 275, - twin law, - Alcohol, 14, 44-46, - Alkali feldspar, 274, 276, 277, 319, - Allowed direction, - Alpha refractive index, 159- - confirmation, - Alpha prime (a') index, 161, 181, - Alpha-chloronaphthalene, - Alunite, 140, 145, - Amici, G.B., 40, - Ammonium chloride, 27, - Amosite, 333, - 333- 281, 287, 288, 301, 320, 323, 327, 328, - calcic, - Amplitude, 3-7, 87-89, 91, 93, - wave, - Analbite, 274, - Analcite, - 156, 311, Analyzer, 36, 57, 78, 91-93, 107, 109, 113, - need to remove, 109, - rotating, - Andalusite, 281, 319, 320, 329, 281, - Andesine, - axial, 163, Angle - critical, - extinction, - glancing, - minimum deviation, - of incidence, 17, 18, 22, 23, - of reflection, - of refraction, 17, 23, 25, 41, 79, - optic, 49, 163-167, 188, 189, 207- - silhouette, - Angles, stereo coordinate, - Anhydrite, - Anisotropic crystal plate, 20, 89, 344 Index - 76-78, 102, 104, Anisotropic crystals, 8, 14, 21, 25, 30, 47, 49, - 28, Anisotropic substances, 3, 6, 10, 14, 16, 23, - Anisotropy, test for, - Annular screening, - 208, Anorthite, vii, 208, 234, 266, 278, 304, 331, - Anorthoclase, - Anthophyllite, 327, - Anthophyllite-gedrite, - 322, Apatite, 69, 110, 136, 140, 152, 158, 200, 319- - Aperture diaphragm, - Aqua regia, Aperture; see Numerical aperture, N.A. - Aragonite, 194, 209, 235, - Arfvedsonite, 301, - Asbestos, - 300, 301, 320, 321, Augite, viii, xi, 203, 208, 241, 259, 261-264, - Axial character, 124, 136, Axial angle, 163 (see also optic angle) - Babingtonite, 196, 254- - Bakelite, - Barite, 169, 184, - Bartholinus and calcite, - Basal section, 127, 143, 235, - Basalt, - Becke, F., - 83, 149, 215, Becke line, 50, 52-56, 61, 69, 72, 74, 76, 79, - crystal high (ill.), colored, 56, - crystal low (ill.), - from lamellae, - practice, - principle, - rule for, - with colored crystals, - Berek compensator, - Bertrand lens, 35, 37, 38, 77, 123, - described, - Bertrand, E., 40, - Beryl, 122, - Beta refractive index, 159- - confirmation, - defined, - estimation, - Beta prime, - Biaxial crystal identification, 225, - properties used, - 211, 215, 216, 227, 231, 232, 118, 123, 136, 159, 163, 168, 199-202, - identification, - Biaxial indicatrix, 126, 160-162, 167, 173, - Biaxial interference figures, 125, 172-175, - naming, - Biaxial minerals, abundance, - Becke, F., Biographical comment - Bertrand, E., - Biot, J.B., - Bragg, W.H., - Bragg, W.L., - Fermat, P. de, - Fletcher, L., - Fraunhofer, J., - Fresnel, A.J., - Huygens, C, - Larsen, E.S. Jr., - Merwin, H.E., - Posnjak, E., - Rutherford, E., - Schairer, J.F., - Snell, W., - Sorby, H.C, - Thomson, J.J., - Wright, F.E., - Zies, E.G., - Biot, J.B., 1, - Biot-Fresnel Law, 30, 165, 166, 176, 178, - approximation, - Biot-Fresnel rule, 178, - approximate, - 136, 302, Biotite, 136, 177, 202, 207, 209, 319-321, 329, - Birdseye maple effect, 79, - 297, 320, 322, 326, 334- 182, 183, 185, 199, 214, 224, 226, 284, - and retardation, - biaxial crystals, - biaxial, strength, - defined, 2, - dispersion of, - estimated from interference figures, - estimated in thin section, - estimation, - estimation in immersion, - in thin section, - of a section, 21, 114, - of a substance, - partial, 21, - strength, - uniaxial crystals,