Download Paramedic Exam Study Guide Questions and Answers Assessment 2024/2025 and more Exams Space Flight Mechanics in PDF only on Docsity!
Paramedic Exam Study Guide
What does the Central Nervous System consist of? - ANS>brain and spinal cord What is shock, different types and causes? - ANS>Systemic hypoperfusion, organs and tissues receive an inadequate supply of blood and oxygen. Types are hypovolemic, cardiogenic, obstructive, anaphylactic, septic, and neurogenic. Causes are trauma, fluid loss, weak heart muscle, decreased HR, tension pneumo, cardiac tamponade, PE, anaphylaxis, infection, spinal chord injury What is perfusion? - ANS>The ability of the cardiovascular system to pump oxygenated blood to the tissues and return deoxygenated blood to the lungs What does the phrenic nerve innervate? - ANS>diaphragm what is a secondary assessment defined as? When should it be or not be done? - ANS>A systemic physical examination of the patient. Should be done if the patient is stable on scene or in the back of the ambo. May not be done if youre addressing life threats
What does the vagus nerve innervate? - ANS>Smooth muscle and glands of the heart, lungs, larynx, trachea, and most abdominal organs ventilation with a stoma - ANS>If PT has a trach tube just connect the BVM straight to the tube. IF not, use peds or infant size BVM mask over the stoma. Pinch nose and mouth close when bagging and release on the exhale. tripod vs sniffling position - ANS>Tripod is like a tripod. Sniffling is upright w chest and head slightly upward like theyre sniffling. The role capillaries play in the metabolism - ANS>Allow contact between blood and the cells of the tissues. Muscles of breathing - ANS>diaphragm, external intercostals, internal intercostals and accessory muscles Mechanism of CPAP - ANS>Increases pressure in the lungs, opens collapsed alveoli, pushes more oxygen across the alveolar membrane, and forces interstitial fluid back into the pulmonary circulation. Management of contraindications with CPAP use - ANS>Coach PTS who are uncomfortable, monitor for signs of pneumothorax, it can lower
parasympthetic nervous system - ANS>Part of the automaonic (involuntary) nervous system which produces effects such as decreased blood pressure and heart rate. Rest and Digest spontaneous respirations - ANS>A patient who is breathing without assistance shallow breathing - ANS>using only the top of lungs, little breathing, poor chest excursion labored breathing - ANS>Breathing that requires greater than normal effort; may be slower or faster than normal and usually requires the use of accessory muscles. Mandatory Reporting Laws - ANS>The law in various states requires healthcare workers to report communicable diseases. You also have a duty to report physical, sexual, or emotional abuse or neglect of children, older adults, or the mentally ill, whether you suspect it or have actual evidence of it. Drug related injuries, Domestic Violence, Assault, Dog bites, Childbirth, Suicide or attempted. Signs of hypoxia - ANS>restless, anxious, cyanotic tachycardia, increased resps. (also monitor ABG's)
Routes of medication administration - ANS>Rectal, Oral, IV, IO, SUBQ, IM, Inhalation, Sublingual, Transcutaneous (transdermal), Intranasal Aspirin MOA - ANS>prevents platelet activation/aggregation (by inhibiting cyclooxygenase) Nitro MOA - ANS>Coranary artery vasodilation, smooth muscle relaxant internal respiration - ANS>Exchange of gases between cells of the body and the blood How the diaphragm works - ANS>The diaphragm contracts and moves downward, increasing the thoracic cavity volume and causes a decrease in pressure within the chest cavity. Air then flows into the lungs to equalize the pressure. Enternal Medication administration - ANS>Enter the body through the digestive system. Usually a pill or liquid parenteral route - ANS>Entered through the body in any way but the digestive tract
neurogenic shock - ANS>Circulatory failure caused by paralysis of the nerves that control the size of the blood vessels, leading to widespread dilation; seen in patients with spinal cord injuries. anaphylactic shock - ANS>A severe reaction that occurs when an allergen is introduced to the bloodstream of an allergic individual. Characterized by bronchoconstriction, labored breathing, widespread vasodilation, circulatory shock, and sometimes sudden death. psychogenic shock - ANS>Shock caused by a sudden, temporary reduction in blood supply to the brain that causes fainting (syncope). hypovolemic shock - ANS>A condition in which low blood volume, due to massive internal or external bleeding or extensive loss of body water, results in inadequate perfusion. what causes cardiogenic and obstructive shock - ANS>heart pump failure what causes distributive shock (Septic, neurogenic, anaphylactic, psychogenic) - ANS>Poor vessel function What cause hypovolemic shock - ANS>Low fluid volume (blood loss)
different types of negligence - ANS>Breach of duty, damages, and causation. Negligence per se and res ipsa loquitar Types of Defamation - ANS>libel and slander, libel is written and slander is verbal Types of consent - ANS>Expressed Implied Involuntary Minors difference between ventilation and respiration - ANS>Ventilation is the act of breathing while respiration is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide axial skeleton - ANS>Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column appendicular skeleton - ANS>Bones of the limbs and limb girdles that are attached to the axial skeleton signs of normal breathing - ANS>1)12-20 breaths/min 2)Regular pattern of inhalation/exhalation
1:1 compress to relax ratio how to perform cpr on pregnant female - ANS>Do CPR, if uterus is felt above the level of the umbilicus perform manual displacement of the uterus to the left while CPR is being performed. effects of ventilating too quickly during cardiac arrest - ANS>Too much intrathoracic pressure reduces effectiveness of compressions common cause of infant cardiac arrest - ANS>usually followed by respiratory arrest, which triggers hypoxia and ischemia of the heart. Children consume 2-3 times more rapidly than adults. First focus should be on opening the airway and providing artificial ventilations. airway obstruction - ANS>Have them cough. If you can see obstruction do a finger sweep (no blind sweep). if not breathing do abdominal thrusts, chest thrusts if obese/pregnant. DO CPR if they go unconscious. Choking with responsive infants - ANS>5 back blows face down, 5 chest thrusts face down, then check for obstruction sweep if seen, continue. Do CPR if they go unconscious ETCO2 - ANS>measures the maximal concentration of CO2 at the end of an exhaled breath. This indicative of several things including cardiac
output, cellular respiration, ventilation adequacy, ROSC after cardiac arrest, ET tube placement signs of heart failure - ANS>Pulmonary Edema, Dyspnea with pink frothy sputum, neck vein distension, pedal edema, low systemic BP management of hyperventilation and the effects it has on ETCO2 - ANS>Patient can be coached to slow down breathing initially, if not successful provide O2 and transport. Hyperventilation blows off CO and will cause low ETCO2 readings Carbon Dioxide Retention - ANS>A condition characterized by a chronically high blood level of carbon dioxide in which the respiratory center no longer responds to high blood levels of carbon dioxide. hypoxic drive - ANS>A condition in which chronically low levels of oxygen in the blood stimulate the respiratory drive; seen in patients with chronic lung diseases. Ventilation - ANS>movement of air in and out of the lungs Study the A&P of the Heart - ANS>
Generalized seizures - ANS>Results from abnormal electrical discharges from large areas of the brain. focal seizure - ANS>abnormal electrical activity that occurs in one or more parts of one brain hemisphere; partial seizure solid organs - ANS>Liver, Spleen, Pancreas, Kidneys hollow organs - ANS>-stomach, small intestine, colon, bladder, gallbladder spleen function - ANS>the largest lymphatic organ in the body; serves as a blood reservoir, disintegrates old red blood cells, and produces lymphocytes and plasmids Pancreas - ANS>An organs in the abdominal cavity with two roles. The first is an exocrine role: to produce digestive enzymes and bicarbonate, which are delivered to the small intestine via the pancreatic duct. The second is an endocrine role: to secrete insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream to help regulate blood glucose levels. Kidneys - ANS>Filter blood from the renal arteries and produce urine as waste
Liver functions - ANS>Responsible for: The metabolism of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. Excretion of bilirubin, cholesterol, hormones, and drugs. Enzyme activation. Storage of glycogen, vitamins, and minerals. Synthesis of plasma proteins, such as albumin, and clotting factors. Blood detoxification and purification. Bile production and secretion. Kussmaul respirations - ANS>Deep, rapid breathing; usually the result of an accumulation of certain acids when insulin is not available in the body. Cheyne-Stokes respiration - ANS>an irregular pattern of breathing characterized by alternating rapid or shallow respiration followed by slower respiration or apnea pathophysiology of allergic reactions - ANS>• Penetration or administration of allergen stimulates immune response ◦ TH recruit B-cells to produce IgE Ab specific to the allergen ◦ IgE causes degranulation of mast cells and basophils
- Release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators causes Erythema, edema, itching, etc Hyperglycemia symptoms - ANS>gradual onset, dry skin warm, infection, intense thirst, increased hunger, vomiting abd pain,Kussmaul
internal female reproductive organs - ANS>ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina pulmonary blast injury - ANS>A patient complaining of chest tightness, coughing up blood, and subcutaneous emphysema following an explosion may be suffering from a: penetrating trauma - ANS>injury caused by an object that passes through the skin or other body tissues. Injure the organs soft tissues etc. Symptoms of shock - ANS>anxious, restless, lethargic (slow-moving), unconscious, pale and cold skin, nauseous or vomiting, increased pulse and respiration rates, bluish tinge to skin, thirsty, dilated (enlarged) pupils Arterioles - ANS>small vessels that receive blood from the arteries. smallest branches of the arteries Venules - ANS>small vessels that gather blood from the capillaries into the veins. Smallest branches of the veins. Managing penetrating chest trauma - ANS>If impaled, do not remove object. Used gloved hand to occlude open chest wound, apply occlusive
dressing. apply O2 and w a NRB. provide ppv if breathing is inadequate. Listen to lung sounds, watch for signs of shock or tension pneumo. Burp dressing if necessary. 1st degree burn - ANS>Thermal damage to the first layer of skin only (epidermis), lower layers heated and react by turning red and becoming tender and uncomfortable to touch 2nd degree burn - ANS>thermal damage to the first & second layers of the skin (epidermis and dermis) Blisters will appear, and may break making the skin appear moist. Can be red or white color depending on the thermal agent. (hot water may make them appear pale) 3rd degree burn - ANS>thermal damage to all three layers of the skin, also cooks blood vessels, so it appears to be dry and leathery- color depends on agent different types of open soft tissue injuries - ANS>abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, penetrations, amputations, incision rule of nines - ANS>A system that assigns percentages to sections of the body, allowing calculation of the amount of skin surface involved in the burn area. Check percentages
intracerebral hematoma - ANS>Bleeding within the brain tissue (parenchyma) itself; also referred to as an intraparenchymal hematoma. subarachnoid hemorrhage - ANS>Bleeding into the subarachnoid space, where the cerebrospinal fluid circulates. croup - ANS>an acute respiratory syndrome in children and infants characterized by obstruction of the larynx, hoarseness, and a barking cough Epiglottitis - ANS>A disease in which the epiglottis becomes inflamed and enlarged and may cause an upper airway obstruction. Ligaments - ANS>Connect bone to bone Tendons - ANS>Connect muscle to bone Cartilage - ANS>A connective tissue that is more flexible than bone and that protects the ends of bones and keeps them from rubbing together. treatment of femoral fractures - ANS>
Descent emergencies - ANS>caused by the sudden increase in pressure as the person dives deeper into the water Bottom emergencies - ANS>rarely seen usually caused by accidental administration of CO2 or inadequate mixing of CO2 and O ascent emergencies - ANS>ascending from bottom; air emobolism; happens when diver holds his or her breath during a rapid ascend to the surface air embolism - ANS>The presence of air in the veins, which can lead to cardiac arrest if it enters the heart. decompression sickness - ANS>A condition resulting from nitrogen trapped in the body's tissues caused by coming up too quickly from a deep, prolonged dive. A symptom of decompression sickness is "the bends" or deep pain in the muscles and joints. heat exhaustion - ANS>condition resulting from exposure to heat and excessive loss of fluid through sweating
