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paraprofessional praxis (math, reading,
writing) Study Guide
whole numbers - ✔counting numbers (1, 2, 3, 4) integers - ✔whole numbers and their negatives rational numbers - ✔any number that can be written as a fraction irrational numbers - ✔numbers that cannot be written as fraction (3.14, negative square roots) radical numbers - ✔square roots prime numbers - ✔numbers that are divisible by 1 and itself ex. 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17 composite numbers - ✔whole number greater than 1 and has more than 2 factors ex. 4, 6, 8, 9 place value - ✔ex. 8,765. (8=thousands, 7=hundreds, 6=tens, 5=ones, 4=tenths, 3=hundredths, 2=thousandths) order of operations - ✔PEMDAS improper fraction -- mixed number - ✔ex. 21/5 = 4 1/ mixed number -- improper fraction - ✔ex. 4 1/5 to 21/ multiple whole number (4) with denominator (5) and add numerator (1), put over denominator kilo - ✔thousand ex. 1 kilometer = 1000 meters deci - ✔tenth ex. 10 deciliters = 1 liter centi - ✔hundredth ex. 100 centimeters = 1 meter
milli - ✔thousandth ex. 1000 milligrams = 1 gram miles -- feet - ✔1 mile = 5280 feet yard -- feet - ✔1 yard = 3 feet feet -- inches - ✔1 ft = 12 in gallon - ✔1 gallon = 4 quarts = 8 pints = 16 cups = 128 fluid oz pounds -- ounces - ✔1 pound = 16 ounces tons -- pounds - ✔1 ton = 2000 pounds inches -- cm - ✔1 inch = 2.54 cm miles -- kilometers - ✔1 mi = 1.61 km gallon -- liters - ✔1 gallon = 3.8 L liters -- cups - ✔1 liter = 4.2 cups kilogram -- pounds - ✔1 kg = 2.2 lbs scalene triangle - ✔a triangle with no congruent sides isosceles triangle - ✔a triangle with at least two congruent sides equilateral triangle - ✔a triangle with 3 congruent sides acute triangle - ✔a triangle with three acute angles (less than 90) obtuse triangle - ✔a triangle with one obtuse angle (greater than 90) right triangle - ✔a triangle with one right angle topic - ✔subject that the author writes about main idea - ✔the author's position w/regard to the topic supporting ideas - ✔pieces of info that clarify, describe, explain the main idea of the text
overgeneralization - ✔drawing conclusions from one piece of evidence rather than considering the whole picture slippery slope - ✔a fallacy which a series of events is explored that may not be connected ad hominem - ✔attacking the person rather than the argument itself phonemic awareness - ✔the ability to hear, identify, and manipulate the individual sounds (phonemes) in oral language phonics - ✔the study of the sounds of the letters of the alphabet fluency - ✔ability to read and understand long vs short vowels - ✔long vowel- hearing the actual letter in the word (ex. eat) short vowel- ex. cat base words - ✔can have suffixes and prefixes added homonym - ✔words that have same spelling/sound but have different meanings ex. yard & yard pre-reading strategies - ✔students flip thru pages, read front & back of book to make predictions what it will be about using resources - ✔teaching students guide words in dictionary apostrophe uses - ✔possession & contraction capitalization uses - ✔beginning of sentence proper nouns pronoun I acronyms titles adverbs - ✔modifies a verb (ex. swiftly, lazily, sleepily) conjunction - ✔a word that joins two phrases or sentences ex. for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so, after, although, because, before, even if, if/then, since, though, unless, until interjection - ✔ex. Oh dear! Dang it! Wow!
preposition - ✔word that shows relationship of noun to another word ex. over, under, around, through, above, below subject-verb agreement - ✔if a subject is singular/plural, the verb should be singular/plural as well independent clause - ✔a clause that can stand alone as a sentence (ex. He ran.) dependent clause - ✔does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence simple sentence - ✔a sentence consisting of only one clause, with a single subject and predicate ex. Joe waited for the train. Joe = subject waited = predicate compound sentence - ✔a sentence with more than one subject or predicate complex sentence - ✔sentence containing one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses active voice - ✔the subject performs the action (ex. Marie burned the cookies.) passive voice - ✔subject doesn't actively perform action (ex. The cookies were burned by Marie.) writing process - ✔1. brainstorming
- planning
- writing draft
- revising
- editing
- publishing hypotenuse - ✔the side of the triangle opposite the right angle pythagorean theorem - ✔a²+b²=c² complete predicate - ✔includes the verb and all words modifying the verb ex. My family is 'arriving early tomorrow' persuasive text - ✔requires counterargument
