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PATHO 370 Final Exam 202 4 - 2025 Q&A
What is a common site for bone metastases to occur? Vertebral bodies Midshaft femur Carpal bones Radius - ANSWER>>Vertebral bodies A child presents with bone deficiency and a bowlegged appearance. This assessment data supports a diagnosis of Rickets Osteoporosis Osteomalacia Paget disease - ANSWER>>Rickets Symptoms such as headache, lethargy, mood alterations, and epigastric sensations occur during which phase of a seizure? Prodromal Postictal Complex Status epilepticus - ANSWER>>Prodromal Which of the following is true about ischemic stroke? (Select all that apply) Has risk factors that include atherosclerosis Can be a result of a hypercoagulable state Often caused by emboli from the basilar arteries Results from hemorrhage into brain tissue Is associated with acute hypertension - ANSWER>>Has risk factors that include atherosclerosis Can be a result of a hypercoagulable state Which is a pathophysiologic change that is consistent with Alzheimer's disease? (Select all that apply) Amyloid plaques Epileptogenic focus Focal cerebral infarct Neurofibrillary tangles Abnormal serotonin system - ANSWER>>Amyloid plaques Neurofibrillary tangles
Which is associated with early increased intracranial pressure? Inability to move Unresponsiveness Inability to verbalize Headache - ANSWER>>Headache A 6-year-old boy presents with polyarthritis. His parents report no past medical history except for a sore throat 6 weeks previously. On physical exam a murmur is noted. The assessment data supports a diagnosis of Acute Rheumatic Fever Rheumatoid arthritis Lyme disease Reiter syndrome - ANSWER>>Acute Rheumatic Fever What is responsible for producing rheumatoid factor antibodies? T lymphocytes Macrophages Tumor necrosis factor- B cells - ANSWER>>B cells A motor vehicle accident has resulted in a factor where the articular surfaces of the tibial surface and femoral condyles are no long in contact with one another. Which term best describes the condition? Subluxation Dislocation Malunion Nonunion Dislocation - ANSWER>>Dislocation What are the criteria for diagnosing rheumatoid arthritis? (select all that apply) Simultaneous symmetric swelling of joints Soft tissue swelling of at least three joints Subcutaneous rheumatoid nodules Morning stiffness in joints Swelling of at least one wrist joint - ANSWER>>Simultaneous symmetric swelling of joints Soft tissue swelling of at least three joints Subcutaneous rheumatoid nodules Morning stiffness in joints
high birth weight post-term delivery prenatal infection genetic defects - ANSWER>>prenatal infection What are the early signs of Parkinson's disease? (select all that apply) Minimal blinking Loss of facial expression Drooling Small writing Monotone speech - ANSWER>>Minimal blinking Loss of facial expression Which forms of muscular dystrophy are X-linked? Duchenne Becker Facioscapulohumeral A combination of Becker and Duchenne - ANSWER>>Duchenne A 60-year-old client reports pain in the knees. The client denies any previous infection or pain in the spine. The assessment data support a diagnosis of Rheumatic fever Relter syndrome Lyme Disease Osteoarthirtis - ANSWER>>Osteoarthirtis What is the most common site of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the bone? Long bones Hips Ankles Vertebral column - ANSWER>>Vertebral column MACROvascular complications of diabetes mellitus are seen in Ischemic cerebrovascular accidents Retinopathy and nephropathy Capillary basement membrane thickening Hemorrhagic cerebrovascular accidents - ANSWER>>Ischemic cerebrovascular accidents
Microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus are seen in Retinopathy and nephropathy Ischemic cerebrovascular accidents Hemorrhagic cerebrovascular accidents Damage to large blood vessels supplying the brain - ANSWER>>Retinopathy and nephropathy Heartburn is most likely the consequence of which of the following? (select all that apply) The back flow of gastric contents into the esophagus Stimulation of the esophageal sensory nerve endings An esophageal spasm A defect in the diaphragm Portal hypertension - ANSWER>>The back flow of gastric contents into the esophagus Stimulation of the esophageal sensory nerve endings An esophageal spasm Children who have midline craniocerebral defects, nystagmus, retinal abnormalities, and other midline or mid facial abnormalities (e.g., cleft lip or palate) should be evaluated for deficiencies in T3 and t4 hormone Parathyroid hormone Corticosteroid hormones Growth hormone - ANSWER>>Growth hormone At present, universal vaccination of children is recommended for (select all that apply) Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis C Hepatitis D Hepatitis E - ANSWER>>Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Which characteristic is found in the condition of cholelithiasis (gallstones)? The presence of gallstones universally creates colicky symptoms Gallstones can be treated only through surgery Gallstones are twice as frequent in women as in men
Diabetes mellitus is most accurately defined as a disorder that affects a. The utilization of fats and glucose b. Glucose metabolism and utilization c. The metabolism of glycogen stores and glucose d. The utilization of all energy nutrients - ANSWER>>d. The utilization of all energy nutrients When telescoping or invagination of a portion of the bowel into an adjacent distal portion occurs in an infant, the condition is diagnosed as: a. Hirschsprung disease b. Intussusception c. Megacolon d. Volvulus - ANSWER>>b. Intussusception Current views about the target group and frequency of screening for diabetes are based on concern for the high prevalence in the adult population of a. Unreported HbA1c b. Asymptomatic low-risk individuals c. Undiagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus d. Undiagnosed type 1 diabetes - ANSWER>>c. Undiagnosed type 2 diabetes Which serum enzyme is the most specific for diagnosing acute pancreatitis? a. Amylase b. Lipase c. Aminotransferase d. Glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase - ANSWER>>b. Lipase The patients perceived difficulty in swallowing, the general inability to initiate swallowing, or even the feeling that swallowed solids or liquids "stick" in the throat is called a. Dyspepsia b. Stomatitis c. Dysphagia d. Odynophagia - ANSWER>>c. Dysphagia
The most serious consequence of actor pancreatitis resulting from biliary obstruction is: a. Reoccurring episodes of hypoglycemia b. The development of circulatory shock c. Its conversion to chronic pancreatitis d. Stimulation of pancreatic proenzymes - ANSWER>>b. The development of circulatory shock Appendicitis is one of the most common abdominal conditions requiring emergency surgery. Although its symptoms sometimes overlap with those of other abdominal disorders, appendicitis is initially characterized by which of the following? (select all that apply) a. Nausea b. Diarrhea c. Periumbilical pain d. Migrating lower-right abdomen pain e. Fever - ANSWER>>a. Nausea b. Diarrhea c. Periumbilical pain d. Migrating lower-right abdomen pain The pathophysiology of gestational diabetes mellitus most closely resembles that of a. Type 1 diabetes b. Type 2 diabetes c. Genetic defects of ß-cells d. Chemical-induced diabetes - ANSWER>>b. Type 2 diabetes Cushing syndrome differs from Cushing disease in that the term Cushing syndrome is used only to describe a. Hypercortisolism caused by ectopic non pituitary tumors b. Hypercortisolism manifestations, regardless of cause c. Hypercortisolism that is pituitary dependent d. Hypercortisolism caused by prolonged use of corticosteroid drugs - ANSWER>>b. Hypercortisolism manifestations, regardless of cause In adrenocortical insufficiency, such as Addison disease, the most severe manifestations are the result of a. An insufficient amount of circulation cortisol b. An insufficient amount of T4 and T
B) subjugation. C) sublimation. D) dislocation. - ANSWER>>a. subluxation The most common symptom of multiple myeloma is a.Fever b.Pathological fracture c.Bone pain d.Osteomyelitis - ANSWER>>c. Bone pain The chief pathological features of osteoarthritis are: - ANSWER>>Degeneration of articular cartilage, destruction of the bone under the cartilage, and thickening of the synovium Risk factors for hemorrhagic stroke include: A. Atherosclerosis. B. Dysrhythmias. C. Acute hypertension. D. Sedentary lifestyle. - ANSWER>>C. Acute hypertension Healing of a fractured bone with poor alignment is called: A. Disunion .B. Malunion. C. Delayed union. D. Nonunion. - ANSWER>>B. Malunion Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a rheumatic disease attributed to: A. Wear and tear on weight-bearing joints. B. Autoimmune mechanisms. C. Septic joint inflammation and necrosis. D. Unknown etiologic factors. - ANSWER>>B. Autoimmune mechanisms Although skin manifestations may occur in numerous locations, the classic presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) includes: A. Cracked, scaly areas in the webs of fingers. B. Lesions affecting the palms of hands and the soles of feet. C. Dry, scaly patches in the antecubital area and behind the knees. D. A butterfly pattern rash on the face across the bridge of the nose - ANSWER>>D. A butterfly pattern rash on the face across the bridge of the nose
Jaundice is a common manifestation of - ANSWER>>liver disease An early indicator of colon cancer is - ANSWER>>Change in bowel habits More than half of the initial cases of pancreatitis are associated with - ANSWER>>alcoholism Untreated acute cholecystitis may lead to ______ of the gallbladder wall a. gangrene b. infection c. distention d. inflammation - ANSWER>>a. gangrene Premature infants are at greater risk for developing: a. necrotizing enterocolitis b. pseudomembranous colitis c. appendicitis d. diverticular disease - ANSWER>>a. necrotizing enterocolitis A patient receiving chemotherapy may be at greater risk for development of
- ANSWER>>Stomatitis Barrett esophagus is a - ANSWER>>preneoplastic lesion Steatohepatitis is caused by an accumulation of ________ in the liver cells.
- ANSWER>>Fat Ulcerative colitis is commonly associated with: - ANSWER>>bloody diarrhea Diabetic neuropathy is thought to result from a. decreased myoinositol transport b. elevated HbA1C c. deficient neuronal insulin receptors d. neuronal demyelination - ANSWER>>a. decreased myoinositol transport The therapies that would be appropriate for a patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus include (select all that apply) a. carbohydrate counting
It is true that polycystic kidney disease is - ANSWER>>genetically transmitted The microorganism that causes the vast majority of urinary tract infections is - ANSWER>>Escherichia coli One of the most common causes of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is - ANSWER>>Ischemic conditions Individuals with end-stage chronic renal disease are at risk for renal osteodystrophy and spontaneous bone fractures, because - ANSWER>>they deficient in vitamin D A ureterocele is - ANSWER>>A cystic dilation of a ureter What reproductive tract disorder is most likely to be associated with urinary stress incontinence? - ANSWER>>Cystocele A progressive decrease in the force of the urinary stream, dribbling of urine, and difficulty initiating the urinary stream are characteristic of - ANSWER>>Prostatic enlargement A person with acute pyelonephritis would most typically experience - ANSWER>>fever Endometriosis is a condition in which - ANSWER>>The presence of ectopic tissue outside the lining of the uterine cavity Red blood cells differ from other cell types in the body because they - ANSWER>>have no cytoplasmic organelles Clinical manifestations of pleural effusion include (Select all that apply.) a. dyspnea. b. sharp pain in expiration c. productive cough. d. diminished breath sounds e. a tracheal shift, if large. - ANSWER>>a.dyspnea d. diminished breath sounds e tracheal shift, if large
An acute asthma attack is associated with (Select all that apply.)a. bronchoconstriction.b. bronchial mucosal edema.c. hypersecretion of mucus.d. alveolar collapse.e. hypoxemia. - ANSWER>>a. bronchoconstriction b. bronchial mucous edema c. hyper secretion of mucus e. hypoxemia The most definitive diagnostic method for active tuberculosis is acquired via a. sputum culture. b. Mantoux skin test. c. chest x-ray. d. blood culture. - ANSWER>>a. sputum culture It is true that diffuse interstitial lung disease (Select all that apply.) a. leads to loss of alveolar walls. b. may be immunologic in nature. c. produces a productive cough. d. is always reversible. e. shows on x-ray as a "honeycomb lung." - ANSWER>>a. leads to loss of alveolar walls b. may be immunologic in nature e. shows on x-ray as a "honeycomb lung" Common characteristics of sarcoidosis include (Select all that apply.) a. presence of CD4+ T cells b. a non-productive cough. c. leukocytosis. d. granulomas in multiple body systems. e. fatigue, weight loss, and fever. - ANSWER>>a. presence of CD4+ T cells b. a non productive cough d. granulomas in multiple body systems e. fatigue, weight loss, and fever A major risk factor for the development of active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) disease is a. contaminated water. b. immunosuppression.
b. are produced by normal cells. c. help determine cancer origin. d. help identify progression of cancer. e. include prostatic-specific antigen. - ANSWER>>b. are produced by normal cells c. help determine cancer origin d. help identify the progression of cancer e. include prostatic-specific antigen In individuals who have asthma, exposure to an allergen to which they are sensitized leads to which pathophysiologic event? a. Mast cell degranulation that causes decreased surfactant b. Inflammation, mucosal edema, and bronchoconstriction c. Loss of alveolar elastin and premature closure of airways d. Pulmonary edema and decreased alveolar compliance - ANSWER>>b. Inflammation, mucosal edema, and bronchoconstriction Diarrhea causes a. metabolic acidosis. b. respiratory alkalosis. c. metabolic alkalosis. d. respiratory acidosis. - ANSWER>>a. metabolic acidosis Which complication of asthma is life threatening? a. Exercise-induced asthma b. Late phase response c. Mast cell degranulation d. Status asthmaticus - ANSWER>>d. Status asthmaticus A patient is diagnosed with hairy cell leukemia. The patient's lab results would most likely indicate a decrease in (Select all that apply.) a. granulocytes. b. platelets. c. white blood cells. d. red blood cells. e. melanocytes. - ANSWER>>a.granulocytes b. platelets d. red blood cells Which electrolyte imbalances cause increased neuromuscular excitability?
A. Hypokalemia and hyperphosphatemia B. Hyperkalemia and hypophosphatemia C. Hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia D. Hypercalcemia and hypermagnesemia - ANSWER>>c. hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia A patient is diagnosed with myeloma. The nurse teaches the patient about the multiple tumor sites that can develop with this cancer. The possible tumor sites in myeloma include the (Select all that apply.) a. liver. b. spleen. c. stomach. d. pancreas. e. kidneys. - ANSWER>>a. liver b. spleen e. kidneys Respiratory alkalosis is caused by A. hyperventilation B. pneumonia C. chest muscle weakness D. pulmonary edema - ANSWER>>A. hyperventilation When a client diagnosed with COPD type A asks, "Why is my chest so big and round?" the nurse responds that - ANSWER>>"Loss of elastic tissue in your lungs allows your airways to close and trap air, which makes your chest round." Tuberculosis can lead to which type of necrosis - ANSWER>>caseous Dysfunction of the ________ can lead to clotting factor deficiency - ANSWER>>liver Which of the following is a risk factor for DVT? (select all that apply) - ANSWER>>prolonged bed rest smoking birth control pills Which of the following ions are important for hypertension? - ANSWER>>sodium
d. renal impairment e. liver disease - ANSWER>>a. ischemic stroke c. retinal injury d. renal impairment Rheumatic heart disease is most often a consequence of: - ANSWER>>B- hemolytic streptococcal infection Clinical manifestations of cardiac tamponade: - ANSWER>>hypotension distended neck veins muffled heart sounds Acute Coronary Syndrome in the presence of Thrombosis may present as (select all that apply) a. unstable angina b. MI. c. sudden cardiac arrest d. bleeding e. hypovolemia - ANSWER>>a. unstable angina b. MI c. sudden cardiac arrest Hypertrophy of the right ventricle is a compensatory response to: - ANSWER>>Pulmonary stenosis A patient with heart failure who reports intermittent shortness of breath during the night is experiencing: - ANSWER>>Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea Cor Pulmonale refers to: - ANSWER>>right ventricular hypertrophy secondary to pulmonary hypertension A patient with Forward Effects of Heart Failure may present with Which symptoms? (select all that apply)A. Impaired memoryB. Mental FatigueC. StuporD. ConfusionE. Aggression - ANSWER>>a. impaired memory b. mental fatigue d. confusion A patient with pure Left-Sided heart failure is likely to exhibit: - ANSWER>>pulmonary congestion with dyspnea
A middle-aged patient has a follow up visit for a recorded blood pressure of 162/96 mm Hg taken 3 weeks ago. The patient has no significant past medical history and takes no medications, but smokes 1 1/2 packs of cigarettes per day, drinks alcohol regularly, and exercises infrequently. The patient is about 40 lbs. overweight and admits to a high-fat, high-calorie diet. At the office visit today, the patient's blood pressure is 150/92 mm Hg. What is the least appropriate intervention for this patient at this time? - ANSWER>>Begin anti-hypertensive drug therapy The primary source of erythropoietin is provided by the - ANSWER>>kidneys The cause of the most common form of anemia is - ANSWER>>iron deficiency Dramatic hypotension sometimes accompanies type I hypersensitivity reactions because: A. toxins released into the blood interfere with cardiac function. B. anaphylaxis results in large volume losses secondary to sweating C. massive histamine release from mast cells leads to vasodilation D. hypoxia due to bronchoconstriction impairs cardiac function - ANSWER>>c. massive histamine release from mast cells leads to vasodilation A patient is diagnosed with CML (chronic myeloid leukemia). The patient may experience which of these symptoms? (Select all that apply.)Select one or more: a. Fatigue b. Weight loss c. Abdominal discomfort d. Joint pain e. Sweats - ANSWER>>a. fatigue b. weight loss c. abdominal discomfort e. sweats The prothrombin time (PT) and INR (international normalized ratio) measure the integrity of - ANSWER>>extrinsic pathway
