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Patho final UTMB 2024 Questions and
Answers Already Passed
tPA (tissue plasminogen activator) ✔✔A drug used to break up the blood clot and restore blood flow to the brain
- good within a few hours after stroke
- hold if the blood pressure is greater than 185/115 or prior stroke in the last three months
Hypothyroidism ✔✔When the thyroid gland is not producing enough thyroid hormones which causes low T3 and T
Treatment for hypothyroidism ✔✔levothyroxine
Signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism ✔✔Cold intolerance, fatigue, bradycardia, constipation
NSAIDs ✔✔Medication is used to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, bring down high temperature
Examples of NSAIDs ✔✔Ibuprofen, aspirin, naproxen, Celebrex (NOT acetaminophen)
Type two diabetes ✔✔A chronic condition that affects the way the body produces glucose, either it doesn't produce enough insulin or resist insulin
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) ✔✔Blood test that checks how well the kidneys are working, eliminates how much blood passes through the glomeruli and filters out waste
Cushing's disease ✔✔Many different forms:
Pituitary form: Too much ACTH hormone secreted by the pituitary gland
Adrenal form: increase cortisol levels released by an adrenal tumor
Ectopic form: another tumor secreting too much ACTH
Iatrogenic form: Too much hydrocortisone
Signs and symptoms of Cushing's disease ✔✔Moon face, abdominal obesity/ascieties, hypertension, high blood glucose, low potassium
Chronic stress ✔✔A consistent sense of feeling pressure and overwhelmed for a long period of time and result in decreased lymphocytes
Stroke ✔✔Damage to the brain from an interruption of its blood supply
Signs and symptoms of a stroke ✔✔Numbness/weakness usually one side of the body, confusion, blurred vision, trouble speaking, slurred speech
Risk factors for strokes ✔✔Underlying conditions such as hypertension and diabetes
Charcot's Neurological triad ✔✔A combination of nystagmus and tension tremors and scanning or staccato speech
Osteoporosis ✔✔A condition in which bones become weak and brittle, new bone creation doesn't keep up with new bone removal
Signs and symptoms of osteoporosis ✔✔Decreased bone function and loss of height
Acute pancreatitis ✔✔A condition where the pancreas becomes inflamed or swollen over a short period of time, characterized by a loss of intercellular and extra cellular compartmentation by an obstruction of pancreatic secretary transport and by activation of pancreatic enzymes
Risk factors for acute pancreatitis ✔✔Excessive alcohol consumption, smoking, obesity, diabetes, family history
Signs and symptoms for acute pancreatitis ✔✔Upper abdominal pain that radiates to the back, fever
Types of headaches ✔✔Cluster, tension, sinus, migraine
Chronic headaches ✔✔Painful sensation in any part of the head that occurs at least 15 days out of the month
Signs and symptoms of Left sided heart failure ✔✔Shortness of breath, fatigue, coughing, weakness, orthopenia, cyanosis, pulmonary edema
Signs and symptoms of right sided heart failure ✔✔Dyspnea on exertion, fatigue, weight gain common fluid retention, systematic congestion
Signs and symptoms of peritonitis ✔✔Abdominal pain and tenderness
Type two diabetes A1 C ✔✔Should be less than 6%, decreases with lifestyle modifications including exercise and weight loss
Jaundice ✔✔Yellow skin caused by the buildup of bilirubin in the blood may occur if the liver can't efficiently filter red blood cells as they break down
Diabetes complications ✔✔Stroke, hypertension, retinopathy, cataracts, CAD, atherosclerosis, neuropathy, gangrene, erectile dysfunction, gastroparesis, infection
Ataxia ✔✔inability to perform coordinated movements
Anteoplastic drugs ✔✔Medication is used to treat cancer that bind to damage DNA, interfere with cell growth or proliferation or DNA synthesis as chemotherapy
Ischemic stroke ✔✔When a blood clot blocks or narrows an artery leading to the brain, common causes or embolism and atherosclerosis, most common type of stroke
Risk factors for ischemic stroke ✔✔Family history, obesity, atrial fabulation, age, gender
Sickle cell anemia ✔✔Red blood cells become misheep and breakdown and become a shortage of healthy red blood cells
Cytokinesis ✔✔Small secreted proteins that are key modulators of information produced in response to invading pathogens to stimulate, recruit, and proliferate immune cells
First line of defense ✔✔Physical and chemical barriers that are ready to defend the body from infection, those include mucosa, cilia, stomach acid, urine flow, skin, friendly bacteria
Congestive heart failure ✔✔Condition where the heart doesn't pump as well systolic or fill adequately
Virus ✔✔A submicroscopic agent that replicates only inside the living cells in an organism
Diabetes insipidus ✔✔A disorder of salt and water metabolism marked by intense thirst and heavy urination, body is unable to regulate fluids
Pre-renal failure ✔✔The patient may experience hemorrhage or hypo bulimia, decreased cardiac output, renal perfusion
Fight or flight response ✔✔Automatic physiological reaction to an event that is perceived as a threat
Alzheimer's disease ✔✔Progressive disease that destroys brain cells causing mental decline difficulty thinking and confusion
Gout ✔✔An increase in uric acid causing pain in the joints
Treatment for gout ✔✔NSAIDs, steroids
Osteomyelitis ✔✔Inflammation of the bone caused by infection which can reach bones by traveling through the bloodstream and causes staph
Hypoxemia ✔✔Low level of oxygen in the blood commonly caused by heart defects, asthma, emphysema, bronchitis
Signs and symptoms of hypoxemia ✔✔Headaches, shortness of breath, tachycardia
Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis ✔✔Low or high pH and irregular CO
Agnosia ✔✔The inability to interpret sensations and it's hard to recognize things such as objects, faces, voices as a result of brain damage
Rheumatoid arthritis ✔✔A form of arthritis that causes pain, swelling, stiffness, and loss of function in the wrist
Von Willebrand disease ✔✔Inherited disorder caused by low levels of clotting in the blood, autosomal dominant, over 70% of cases
Colon cancer ✔✔Cancer of the colon or rectum, patients can have polyps in the early stage
Risk factors for colon cancer ✔✔Family history, lack of exercise, low fiber, high fat diet
Mendelian Genetics ✔✔The pattern of inheriting characteristics that follows the laws formulated by Gregor Mendel
Migraine headaches ✔✔Headache of varying intensity often accompanied by nausea and sensitivity to light and sound, hormonal variation in women
Acute inflammatory response ✔✔Immediate response characterized by the increase movement of plasma and leukocytes such as neutrophils and macrophages from the blood to the injured site or tissue
ADH ✔✔Helps regulate the amount of water in the body
Aphasia ✔✔A language disorder caused by damage in a specific area of the brain that controls language expression and comprehension
Edema ✔✔Swelling caused by fluid in the bodies tissues usually occurs in the lower extremities
Intra-Renal Failure ✔✔Secondary to pre-renal failure, the patient may experience vascular lesions, renal injury, nephrotoxins, infections
Acute renal failure ✔✔Kidney suddenly cannot filter at waste from the blood
Signs and symptoms of acute renal failure ✔✔Oliguria, weight gain, Adema, increased BUN and potassium, decreased red blood cells, sodium, pH
Concussions ✔✔Traumatic brain injury caused by a blow to the head that can lead to post traumatic headaches, chronic traumatic encelopathy, mood disturbances, irritability, vertigo
Crohn's disease ✔✔Chronic inflammatory bowel disease that affects the digestive tract lining and can cause abdominal pain, frequent episodes of diarrhea, weight loss, anemia, fatigue
Treatment for Crohn's disease ✔✔Steroids, immunosuppressants
Ascites ✔✔Fluid collects with in spaces in the abdomen that causes swelling related to liver diseases and is painful
C diff ✔✔Bacteria that causes severe diarrhea and colitis as a disturbance of normal bacterial flora
Marfan syndrome ✔✔Autosomal dominant disorder that affects the connective tissue of the heart eyes blood vessels and bones and leads to mitral valve prolapse retinal detachment blurred vision abnormally long fingers scoliosis weak aorta and collapsed lung
GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) ✔✔A digestive disease in which stomach acid or bile irritates the food pipe lining.
Signs and symptoms of Gerd ✔✔Burning of the chest when eating worse when laying down
Systematic lupus ✔✔inflammatory connective tissue disease affecting the whole body
