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Chapter | Intro to pathology Slide 2 What is Pathology? * Pathology- the study of disease m= Many types of diseases exist, and many conditions can be readily demonstrated by imaging studies % Slide 3 Pathologic Terms > Disease - any abnormal disturbance of the function or structure of the human body as a result of some type of injury After injury, pathogenesis occurs Pathogenesis - the sequence of events producing cellular changes that ultimately lead to observable changes known as manifestations. > Manifestations are displayed in a variety of ways a= 1. Symptom - subjective, refers to the individual's perception of the disease and can ONLY be identified by the individual @ Ex. headache, toothache, stomachache, fatigue, nausea, dizziness m= 2. Sign -objective, detected by the physician during examination.: observe by someone else e« Ex. fever, swelling, skin rash, blood coming out of nastril Slide 4 Pathologic Terms > A group of signs and symptoms that characterizes a specific abnormal disturbance (disease) is a syndrome. m= Ex. Irritable Bowel Syndrome- bellyache, bloating, fatigue, constipation/diarrhea = = * Slide 5 Examples Of Signs Vs Symptoms Medal Bip bce) Syoptom rbjecive Comme ooid Pury rose ius pain tom enogestion cieetepan = Slide 6 Pathologic Terms > Asymptomatic- some diseases (especially carly on stages) do not produce symptoms. “* Slide 7 Pathologic Terms > Etiology - the study of the cause of a disease m= Common causes of diseases: viruses, bacteria, trauma, heat, chemical agents, poor nutrition, genetic abnormalities * Nosocomial Disease/ Infection: Disease/ Infection- aka HAI ( hospital/ healthcare acquired infections)- disease/ infection that are not present or incubating at the time of admission to the hospital/ healthcare facility. m= = Proper infection control practices are important in a healthcare environment to prevent hospital acquired nosocomial disease. a Ex. Staph infection after a hip surgery- caused by poor infection control practices acquired from the environment m Ex. CAUTI- catheter associated urinary tract infections m= Ex. VAP- Ventilator associated pneumonia > Jatrogenic: reactions are adverse responses to medical treatment itself m_ Ex. Hair loss due to radiation > A disease is termed idopathic is no causative factor can be identified. % Slide 8 Pathologic Terms > The length of time over which the disease is displayed may vary. % Acute diseases usually have a quick onset and last for a short period m= Ex. Pneumonia, strep throat m= An acute illness may be followed by long lasting effects termed sequelae (a condition caused by a previously acquired disease). m Ex. neck pain is a common sequela of whiplash >= Chronic diseases may manifest more slowly and last for a long time m= Ex. Multiple sclerosis, arthritis ic Terms the identification of a disease an individual is believed to have > Prognosis- the predicted course and outcome of the disease **Once a diagnosis is given, a prognosis can be made** Slide 10 Pathologic Terms > Morphology- the structure of cells or tissue > Pathologic conditions may cause morphologic changes that alter normal body tissues in a variety of ways. a |. Destructive/ subtractive/lytic- when the disease process decreases the normal density of tissue - require a decrease in exposure technique e = Ex.atrophy (decrease in organ/tissue size/density) m= 2. Additive/sclerotic- when the disease process causes an increase in the normal density of tissue- require an increase in exposure technique e@ Ex. sclerosis (hardening of tissue) Slide 11 Pathologic Terms Epidemiology - the investigation of disease in large groups Prevalence ofa disease- refers to the number of cases found in a given population Incidence of disease - refers to the number of new cases found in a given period Epidemic - the rapid widespread occurrence of a disease to a large number of people in a given population Pandemic is an epidemic affecting the majority of a population of a large region or an epidemic occurring at the same time in many different parts of the world. = When COVID-19 was limited to Wuhan, China it was an epidemic. The geographical spread turned it into a Pandemic % Slide 12 Monitoring Disease Trends > Mortality Rate- the average number of deaths caused by a particular disease in a population YyvyYyY Y > Congenital diseases present at birth and resulting from genetic or environmental factors m= = 2-3% of all births have one or more congenital abnormalities (some may not be visible right away) = A major category in congenital disease is caused by abnormalities in the number and distribution of chromosomes @ Ex. Down Syndrome- extra chromosome 21 (individual has 47 rather than 46) % Slide 20 Congenital and Hereditary Disease > Hereditary diseases are caused by developmental disorders genetically transmitted from either parent to a child through abnormalities of individual genes in chromosomes and are derived from ancestors. m= Ex. Hemophilia (proper blood clotting is absent) = Inherited disease can be = Dominant - transmitted by a single gene from either parent m Recessive - transmitted by both parents to an offspring Slide 21 Congenital and Hereditary Disease > A congenital defect is NOT necessarily hereditary because it may have been acquired in utero m Intrauterine injury can be caused by drug use, radiation, maternal infection, etc. @ = Occur sporadically and usually cannot generally be recognized before birth @ = Likelihood of them occurring can be greatly lessened following proper precautions such as: @ Avoid radiation exposure @ Avoid drug use @ Avoid agents not recognized by a physician as safe for use during pregnancy Slide 22 Inflammatory Disease > An inflammatory disease results from the body's reaction to a localized injurious agent. > Types of inflammatory disease include: = = Infective- results from invasion by microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, fungi @ = Ex. Pneumonia- a type of inflammatory disease that may result from viral, bacterial, or fungal infection. m Toxic- caused by poisoning of biological substances m Allergic- an overreaction of the bady’s own defenses e = =Ex. Asthma- targeting the airways Slide 23 Inflammatory Disease = Some inflammatory diseases are classified as autoimmune disorders- antibodies form against and injure the patients’ own tissues (these are known as autoantibodies) Slide 24 Inflammatory Disease > The body’s purpose in creating an inflammatory reaction is to localize the injurious agent and prepare for subsequent repair and healing of the injured tissues. > Infection refers to an inflammatory process caused by a disease-causing organism. > Virulence- the ease with which an organism can cause disease m= High virulence- very likely = Low virulence - unlikely in average people % Slide 25 Degenerative Disease > Degenerative diseases are caused by deterioration of the body. m= Usually associated with the aging process, but can occur in younger people m The process of aging results from the gradual maturation of physiologic processes that reach a peak and then gradually fade to a point at which the body can no longer survive. ® Heredity, diet, and environmental factors are known to affect the rate of aging m= Ex. Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis Slide 26 Metabolic Disease > Metabolism- the sum of all physical and chemical processes in the body > Metabolic Diseases- disease caused by the disturbance of the normal physiological function of the body m Ex. @ Diabetes @ = = Hyperparathyroidism Slide 27 Metabolic Disease > The role of endocrine glands secrete their products into the bloodstream to regulate various metabolic functions. > Dehydration- the most common disturbance of fluid balance m= Caused by insufficient intake of water or excessive loss of it = Homeostasis: the body’s normal internal resting state * Slide 28 Traumatic Disease = Traumatic disease results from mechanical forces such as crushing or twisting of the body part OR from the effects of ionizing radiation on the human body- can also result from extreme hot or cold temperatures m= Traumatic disorder examples ® = Frostbite « Burn @ = Injuries to bone (ex. Fractures) = Bruise/ contusion- bleeding into the tissue spaces as a result of capillary rupture m=} = Wound- an injury of soft parts associated with rupture of the skin % Slide 29 Neoplastic Disease > Neoplastic disease results in new, abnormal tissue growth. > Neoplasm- The abnormal growth of cells that lead to the formation of either a benign tumor or a malignant tumor = Benign neoplasms- remain localized and generally noninvasive m= Malignant neoplasm- grow at a faster rate than benign and tend of spread and invade other tissues > Metastasis - spread of malignant cancer cells resulting in a secondary tumor distant from the primary lesion Chapter 2 Skeletal System Slide 2 Anatomy and Physiology * Skeletal System m= 206 bones. @ Axial skeleton- 80 bones: skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum @ = Appendicular skeleton- 126 bones, limbs ,and girdle m Bone is a connective tissue @ = Compact/cortical (dense) e® = Cancellous ( spongy) Slide 3 Anatomy and Physiology = Functions. body support = Protection m= Movement m= Blood cell production. Slide 4 Anatomy and Physiology > Compact bone - outer portion of bone > Medullary canal/cavity- inner portion of bone m= Made up of cancellous( spongy) bone m= Bone marrow is located in the medullary canal > Osteoblasts - bone forming cells = Bone growth, thickening, regeneration, ossification * Osteoclasts — break down bone ® Slide 5 Anatomy and Physiology > Diaphysis - shaft of long bone * Epiphysis - expanded end portion of long bone = Metaphysis - growth zone between the epiphysis and diaphysis Slide 6 Congenital and Hereditary Disease > Osteogenesis Imperfecta- = Commonly result of an autosomal dominant defect ( 1 parent) Classified as type I — type VIII Type I - mildest Type VIII - most severe Deficient and imperfect formation of osseous tissue, skin, sclera, inner ear, and teeth is noted in individuals > 2 main groups: m Osteogenesis imperfecta congenita - present at birth- infants usually have fractures at birth that heal and give way to new fractures- results in limb deformity, dwarfism, possible death m Osteogenesis imperfecta tarda - fractures usually don’t appear for years after birth and then generally stop when adulthood is reached Slide 7 Congenital and Hereditary Disease > Osteogenesis Imperfecta m= = Radiographically e multiple fractures in various stages of healing seen © bowing ® general decrease in bone mass % Slide 8 Congenital and Hereditary Disease >= Achondroplasia m= the most common inherited disorder affecting the skeletal system Most common type of dwarfism Results in bone deformity, decreased bone formation and dwarfism Caused by an autosomal dominant gene Individuals with this gene have about 50% chance of transmi children m= The cartilage located in the epiphyses of the long bones does NOT convert to bone in the normal manner, impairing the longitudinal growth of the bones gm Normal trunk size, shortened extremities = Clinical manifestations of this disorder: @ = Kyphosis Extreme lumbar spine lordosis- hyperlordosis. Spinal stenosis Bowed legs Bulky forehead with midface hypoplasia e = Narrowing of the foramen magnum ( causes neural compression) Slide 9 Congenital and Hereditary Disease > Achondroplasia m Radiographically: @ Bone age ( X-ray left hand ( include wrist and distal end of radius/ulna) are sometimes used for monitoring purposes e@ US may be used for prenatal diagnoses in some cases Slide 10 Achondroplasia “ Slide 11 Congenital and Hereditary Disease > Osteopetrosis- marble bone disease = Certain gene mutations lead to missing or abnormal osteoclasts m Bones are abnormally compact and heavy/dense but brittle m= All bones are affected- specifically long bones of extremities, vertebrae, pelvis, and base of the skull Slide 12 Congenital and Hereditary Disease => Osteopetrosis- m= Radiographically: increase in density and thickness of cortex with reduction in marrow space is demonstrated e Additive disease: increase in technique Slide 13 Congenital and Hereditary Disease * Hand and Foot Malformations m= Synactyly -failure for fingers or toes to separate e Causes webbed digits ® = Surgical intervention common ‘ing it to their e@ = =Dull pain Heat/redness in the affected area m= Varying degrees of fever = 30-50% loss of bone calcium is required before changes can be seen radiographically Slide 20 Inflammatory Diseases => Bone & Joint tuberculosis - a chronic inflammatory disease caused by a Mycobacterium tuberculosis (bacteria). = Most commonly affects this hips, knees, and spine m_ Radiographically, the ends of long bones display a “worm eaten” appearance. The disease slowly destroys the epiphyses, spreads to the articular cartilage and can even infect the joint space. > Pott disease - tuberculosis of the spine m Destroys the spine, causing softening and eventual collapse of the vertebrae- causes abnormal pressure on the spinal cord “* Slide 21 Inflammatory Diseases > Tuberculosis of the Knee = Pott Disease % Slide 22 Inflammatory Diseases > Arthropathies ( joint diseases) = Arthritis- joint inflammation ® = types of arthritis can involve several joints or just one @ Can be acute or chronic Slide 23 Inflammatory Diseases > Infectious Arthritis-septic arthritis m = Infectious agents may enter the joint through a break in the skin, via extension from an adjacent infection, or as a result from bacteremia. = Common clinical symptoms: rapid onset of pain, redness/swelling of affected joint, fever m Usually responds rapidly to antibiotics > Psoriatic Arthritis- an inflammatory arthritis associated with psoriasis of the skin and involves a rheumatoid-like destructive process that predominantly affects the distal interphalangeal joints of the hands and feet m= bone density is usually preserved compared to rheumatoid arthritis % Slide 24 Inflammatory Diseases > Rheumatoid arthritis RA - a chronic autoimmune disease that is triggered by exposure of an immunogenetically susceptible host to an arthritogenic antigen m= fluctuates in severity m= Characterized by chronic inflammation and overgrowth of synovial tissues, most often in extremities- the overgrowth of synovial tissues into the articular spaces causes cortical erosion with joint space narrowing- joints become unstable and deformed = Develops slowly then progressively destroys cartilage, bone, and supporting structures m= Occurs usually between the ages of 30-40 and is more common in women than in men = Symptoms: pain, swelling, stiffness of affected joint % Slide 26 Inflammatory Diseases > Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis - still disease m= Similar to the adult form of RA m= Affects children under the age of 16 = Symptoms: pain, swelling, stiffness of the affected joint m= Majority of children have long periods of remission without significant joint damage- only 20% have progressive destructive disease Slide 27 Inflammatory Diseases = Ankylosing Spondylitis- Marie-Strumpell Disease-a progressive form of arthritis, mainly involving the spine m= joints and articulations become ankylosed (stiffened) a Tends to affect men between the ages of 20-40 m= Nighttime backpain with morning stiffness m= Bones of the spine calcify, articular cartilage is destroyed, and fibrous adhesions develop Spine becomes a rigid block of bone — bamboo spine m= = Radiographically: demonstration of narrowing and fuzziness of SI Joints. SI joints become obliterated and condition moves up spine % Slide 28 Inflammatory Diseases = yyvyY > > > Osteoarthritis- degenerative joint disease most common type of arthritis Pt’s usually asymptomatic until they reach their 50's It is a disease of cartilage and is classified as primary or secondary a Primary- deterioration of the joint cartilage with normal wear and tear m= Secondary- result of bone stress associated with trauma, congenital anomalies, or other diseases that alter cartilage and surrounding tissue Affected individual experiences pain and progressive stiffening of affected joint Exercise can help decrease pain ( helps improve flexib and weight control) Osteophytes- bone spurs- formation of these help distinguish it from other types of arthritis % Slide 30 Inflammatory Diseases = Gouty Arthritis- Gout- an inherited metabolic disorder in which excess amounts of uric acid are produced and deposited in the joint and adjacent bone. m= = =more common in men than in women ‘Commonly affects the metatarsophalangeal joint of the great toe Characterized by acute attacks with intervals of remission The crystallization of uric acid in the joint causes an acute inflammatory reaction Treatment: medications to promote excretion of uric acid by the kidneys or to inhibit the production of uric acid within the body ‘* Slide 32 Inflammatory Diseases > Inflammation of Associated Joint Structures “* Slide 38 Neoplastic Diseases > Giant Cell Tumor (osteoclastoma) m= Characterized by numerous, multinucleated osteoclastic giant cells m= May be benign or malignant = Found in individuals between the ages of 20-30 m= Tends to affect the ends/ epiphyses of long bones @ Begins in the medullary canal and expands outward = Does not involve the joint space m_ Radiographically, has a “soap bubble” appearance % Slide 39 Neoplastic Diseases = Osteosarcoma (osteogenic sarcoma)- a highly aggressive bone-forming neoplasm which is believed to originate in mesenchymal stem cells or osteoblastic precursor cells m=) = Most common primary malignancy of the skeleton m= Arises from osteoblasts (bone building cells) m= Lung metastases most commonly occurs via the bloodstream- poor prognosis Slide 40 Neoplastic Diseases > Ewing Sarcoma-a primary malignant bone tumor m= Usually occurs between 5 and 15 years ( rarely after 30) m= = More common in Caucasian males m= Arises from the medullary canal— causes thickening of the bone m= Rare, malignant disease % Slidee 41 Neoplastic Diseases > Chondrosarcoma - a malignant tumor of cartilaginous origin and is composed of atypical. cartilage m= = 10% of all malignant tumors of the skeletal system are chondrosarcomas m= = More common in older adults m Tend to destroy the bones as it extends through the cortex into surrounding soft tissue Chapter 3 Respiratory system. Slide 2 Anatomy and Physiology % Respiratory system responsible for 2 major functions. = = 1. Ventilation - movement of air in and out the lungs = 2. Diffusion - gas exchange between the lungs and the circulatory system % Slide 3 Anatomy and Physiology > Upper Respiratory Tract: nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx > Lower Respiratory Tract: trachea, bronchi, alveoli, lungs > Thoracic Cavity- R and L pleural cavities and the mediastinum = Parietal pleura- lines the thoracic cavity m Visceral pleura- adheres directly to lung tissue Slide 4 Anatomy and Physiology = The anatomic bony structures of the thorax (ribs, sternum, thoracic vertebrae) provide support and protection, and assist in inspiration and expiration. > Mediastinum- contains all the thoracic organs except the lungs Slide 5 Imaging Considerations % Chest x-rays are the most frequently performed examinations in the radiology department. = Destructive / subtractive/lytic -when the disease process decreases the normal density of tissue- require a decrease in exposure technique m= Inthe respiratory system, any condition that increases the aeration of the chest reduces the amount of radiation required for proper exposure to be achieved e Ex. Emphysema (air sacs in lungs weaken and rupture and create larger air spaces in lungs) = Additive ‘sclerotic - when the disease process causes an increase in the normal density of tissue- require an increase in exposure technique m= Inthe respiratory system, any condition that adds fluid or tissue to the normal aerated chest requires an increase in technical factor to afford proper penetration and exposure. @ Ex. Pneumonia (alveoli of the lungs fill with fluid or pus) ® Slide 6 > Mediastinal emphysema- occurs when there has been a disruption in the esophagus or airway and air is trapped in the mediastinum. m= Chest trauma, violent vomiting, endoscopy can be causes of it > Subcutaneous emphysema- when air passes from the mediastinum into the subcutaneous tissues of the neck or chest a Air bubbles in the skin or neck/chest may be felt Slide 7 Respiratory Failure = Respiratory failure- a term used to describe a lack of respiratory function or a lack of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange. Occurs at 2 levels: = = 1. within the lungs m= 2. asa result of impaired breathing m= Caused from: acute trauma from the chest or as a result of an acute/chronic lung disease > = Respiratory failure resulting from deterioration of the lungs is inevitable and eventually leads to death in by late 40°s Treatment methods: antimicrobial drugs to combat infection, bronchodilators administered through inhalers, respiratory physical therapy, lung transplant Slide 14 Congenital and Hereditary Diseases > > = > = Respiratory Distress syndrome (Hyaline Membrane Disease) — a disorder affecting premature infants or those born at less than 37-week gestation. Incomplete maturation of type II alveolar cells within the surfactant-producing system causes unstable alveoli( the structures in which gas exchange takes place in the lungs). The deficiency of surfactant results in alveolar collapse with widespread atelectasis(complete of partial collapse of the lung or a section of the lung) Signs: rapid/labored breathing within the first 24 hours after delivery This is a life-threatening condition, but if the infant's ventilation is adequately supported, surfactant production should begin within a few days. Once surfactant is presents, RDS will resolve in 4-5 days. Slide 15 Inflammatory Diseases = = y¥YYVYY Pneumonias Pneumonia-the most frequent type of lung infection, resulting from an inflammation of the lung and compromised pulmonary function. The inflammation may affect the entire lobe of a lung, a segment of the lung, the bronchi and associated alveoli, or interstitial lung tissue. ( Chest xray is important in determining the location of the pneumonia). 8th leading cause of death in the US The most common lethal nosocomial infection Main causes: viruses, bacteria, and mycoplasmas( bacteria) Signs/symptoms: cough, fever, sputum production. Individuals with pneumonia will often experience tachypnea and crackling sound when breathing Slide 17 Inflammatory Diseases = Y¥ Y Pneumococcal (lobar) pneumonia- the most common bacterial pneumonia because this type of bacteria is often present in healthy throats. When the body defenses are weakened, the bacteria multiply, work their way into the lungs, and inflame the alveoli. Generally preceded by an upper respiratory infection. Pt will usually experience chills, cough, and fever Generally affects the alveoli of the entire lobe of a lung, without affecting the bronchi themselves. Treatment: Antibiotics and bedrest m= Usually resolves in 1 week Immunization: polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine ( recommended for children under 2 and alder adults) Slide 18 Inflammatory Diseases > = Staphylococcal Pneumonia- occurs sporadically except during epidemics of the flu, when secondary infection with staphylococci is common. (when staph spreads to the lungs) Treatment: Drug therapy with chemotherapeutic agents Slide 19 Inflammatory Diseases ¥ YY Y¥ = Legionnaires’ Disease- a severe bacterial pneumonia m= Got its name after it caused the deaths of 4 people attending an American Legion Convention in Philadelphia in 1976. m= The causative bacteria was unknown at the time (which later became known as L pneumophila) @ = L pneumophila thrives in warm, moist places and may be transmitted in heating/cooling systems Signs/ Symptoms: malaise, muscular aches, chest pain with a non-productive cough, occasional vomiting/diarrhea Outbreaks usually occur in large buildings ( hotels, hospitals) in late summer-early fall) Affects middle aged men more than any other group of individuals Treatment: antibiotic administration and oxygen therapy Radiographically: shows patchy infiltrates throughout the lungs Slide 20 Inflammatory Diseases = = = Aspiration pneumonia- caused by acid vomitus (stomach acid) aspirated into the lower respiratory tract, resulting in a chemical pneumonitis May follow anesthesia, alcoholic intoxication, or stroke that causes loss of the cough reflex Treatment: antimicrobial drugs, correction of hypoxia, control secretions, replacement of fluids Slide 21 Inflammatory Diseases > + > + Viral pneumonia- caused by various viruses, most commonly influenza virus A and B. m= = Spread by an infected person shedding the virus, which is transmitted to a nonimmune individual. m= = Signs/Symptoms: dry cough, fever m= Treatment: treat symptoms ( viral infections do not respond to antibiotic agents) Slide 22 Inflammatory Diseases ‘Coronaviruses - a family of viruses that affect the respiratory system. m= Easily transmitted through droplets ( nose and mouth) m= Symptoms usually appear 2-14 days after exposure: cough, shortness of breath with difficulty breathing, fever, sore throat = ** some carriers may be asymptomatic Slide 23 Inflammatory Diseases > Bronchietasis - a permanent, abnormal dilation of one or more large bronchi as a result of destruction of the elastic and muscular components of the bronchial wall. m= Usually starts with acquired weakness following inflamed bronchial walls > Chronic cough is a common symptom (many asymptomatic initially) m= Cough becomes more productive as it progresses because the weakened wall allows the bronchus to become dilated, forming a sac-like structure that harbors the pathogenic organism. As the infection grows, the bronchial wall is destroyed, resulting in an abscess. Slide 24 Inflammatory Diseases = Pulmonary Tuberculosis > Oxygen therapy may be prescribed for patients with severe hypoxemia ( hypoxemia- low oxygen levels in your blood) ® Slide 29 Inflammatory Diseases > > YY = = > Emphysema - a condition in which the lung's alveoli become distended, usually from lass of elasticity or interference with expiration. ‘Characterized by an increase in the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, with destruction of the alveolar walls Primary symptom: dyspnea (difficulty breathing/ short of breath) As the disease progresses, hyperinflation results - the AP diameter of the chest increases due to increased air in the lungs and increased retrosternal airspace Creates a barrel- shaped chest Treatment: alleviate symptoms, treat possible infections Barrel shaped chest due to emphysema Slide 31 Inflammatory Diseases = Because these two forms of COPD (chronic bronchitis and emphysema) represent chronic deterioration of the pulmonary system, the continued problems eventually lead to heart failure. The heart begins to wear out over in its effort to increase blood flow to compensate for the decreased air flow caused by COPD. This may result in death from associated complications such as respiratory failure, pneumonia, cardiac arrythmias (irregular heart beat), pulmonary embolism ( blockage in a lung artery) Some individuals may live for many years with COPD and will eventually devleop pulmonary edema(excess fluid in lungs) and cor pulmonale ( an alteration in the structure and function of the right ventricle (RV) of the heart caused by a primary disorder of the respiratory system) Slide 32 Inflammatory Diseases > YyvyYyY Y Asthma- a chronic inflammation of the bronchial system resulting in airway obstruction and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Affects individuals at any age, most commonly before the age of 40 Estimated that over 22 million individuals in the US have asthma Genetics play a role Additional risk factors: exposure to allergens, air pollution, cigarette smoke, recurrent viral respiratory infections Signs/Symptoms: intermittent attacks of coughing, wheezing, dyspnea, and chest tightness caused by air flow obstruction Mangement: inhaled bronchodilators, oral corticosteroids(provides relief to inflammed areas of the body), admnistration of oxygen. Slide 33 Inflammatory Diseases > Pneumoconioses- a group of interstitial lung diseases caused by the inhalation of certain dusts and the lung tissue's reaction to the dust. m= Results in pulmonary fibrosis (lung disease that results when lung tissue becomes damaged and scarred. The thickened, stiff tissue makes it more difficult for your lungs to work properly) from inhalation of foreign inorganic dust, most commonly from a particular work environment. a Effects of the inhaled foreign material depend on its physical and chemical. properties, the dose of the agent, and the site of deposition within the bronchial tree. > Size of the dust particle inhaled is important = Most occupationally generated dusts and those occurring naturally are too large to cause pheumoconioses Slide 34 Inflammatory Diseases => Pneumoconioses > Exposure to a substance capable of causing disease for a sufficient duration(dose) and the suceptibility of the host are factors required to cause pneumoconioses. = Fibrogenic inorganic dusts responsible for pneumoconioses generally include: = Silica, asbestos, coal, and beryllium = Treatment is focused on preventing infection, relieving any respiratory symptoms, and maintaining adequate oxygenation. Slide 35 Inflammatory Diseases > Pneumoconioses * 3 primary types of pneumoconioses: = Silicosis m= = Anthracosis m Asbestosis Slide 36 Inflammatory Diseases > Silicosis m= The oldest known pneumoconioses m= Results from inhaling silica dust and is common among miners, grinders, and sand-blasters. = Most widespread and most serious type of pneumoconioses m Phagocytes( a cell that can engulffabsorb bacteria/small particles) located within the bronchioles carry silica dust into the septa of the alveoli. In response to the foreign dust particles, the alveoli form large amounts of fibrous connective tissue, thus destroying normal lung tissue. = No treatment exists, except fora lung transplant m= Prevention: protective masks and adequate ventilation % Slide 37 Inflammatory Diseases > Anthracosis- black lung disease- results from inhalation of coal dust over an extended period of about 20 years. > As coal dust is deposited into the lungs, "coal macules" develop around the bronchioles and cause their dilation. This dilation does not affect the alveoli or the airflow; thus, impairment of the function of the lungs and the lung architecture is limited. > Prevention: suppress coil dust in the work environment > Treatment: no real treatments exists % Slide 38 Inflammatory Diseases > Asbestosis results from inhalation of asbestos dust, which causes chronic injury to the lungs. m= Asbestos dust is found in building materials and insulation