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Pathophysiology || BIOD|| 331 ||
Module || 1 || exam|| with|| precise ||
detailed || solutions
What || is || the || definition || of || "pathophysiology"? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Pathophysiology || is || defined || as || not || only || the || cellular || and || organ || changes || that || occur || with || disease, || but || also || the || effects || that || these || changes || have || on || total || body || function. Name || the || 5 || etiologic || factors || and || give || an || example || if || listed. || - || Correct || answer || ✔Etiologic || factors || are || the || causes || of || a || disease.
- || Physical || forces: || trauma, || burns, || etc
- || Chemical || agents: || poisons, || alcohol
- || Biological || agents: || bacteria, || viruses
- || Genetic || predisposition: || inherent || genes || from || both || parents || but || you || don't || necessarily || develop || the || disease || but || are || predispositioned || to || it
- || Nutritional || excess || or || deficiencies: || Iodine || deficiency || can || lead || to || hypothyroidism. || Nutritional || excess || in || carbohydrates || can || lead || to || irritable || bowel || syndrome. What || are || the || 2 || types || of || risk || factors? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Congenital: || present || at || birth Acquired: || occur || after || birth
What || is || the || difference || between || morphology || and || histology? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Morphology || is || defined || as || the || fundamental || structure || or || form || of || cells || or || tissues. || Histology || is || the || study || of || the || cells || and || extracellular || matrix || of || body || tissues. Describe || the || difference || between || signs || and || symptoms || and || give || an || example || of || each. || - || Correct || answer || ✔These || both || relate || to || manifestations || of || a || disease. || Signs || is || an || objective || manifestation || while || symptoms || are || a || subjective || complaint. || Signs || are || apparent || to || the || physician, || symptoms || are || apparent || to || the || patient. What || are || 3 || important || processes || when || coming || to || a || diagnosis? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Patient || history, || diagnostic || testing, || and || a || physical || examination. Explain || validity, || reliability, || sensitivity, || and || specificity. || - || Correct || answer || ✔Validity: || how || a || tool || measures || what || it || is || intended || to || measure || i.e. || the || correct || tool || to || do || the || job, || such || as || using || a || blood || pressure || cuff || to || measure || blood || pressure Reliability: || likelihood || of || yielding || the || same || result || of || a || test, || usually || dependent || on || someone's || experience || and || skill || level Sensitivity: || proportion || of || people || with || a || disease || who || test || positive Specificity: || people || without || the || disease || who || test || negative || for || it Define || epidemiology || and || name || some || things || that || it || tracks. || - || Correct || answer || ✔Epidemiology || is || the || study || of || disease || occurrence. || It || tracks || the || health || of || a || community || by || tracking || age, || race, || nutritional || habits || and || locations.
What || is || the || function || of || the || nucleus? || - || Correct || answer || ✔The || nucleus || is || the || control || center || for || the || cell || and || contains || most || of || the || hereditary || material, || DNA || and || RNA. Name || 3 || structures || within || the || nucleus. || - || Correct || answer || ✔Chromatin, || nucleolus, || and || nuclear || envelope What || are || the || roles || of || the || ribosomes, || rough || ER, || and || smooth || ER? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Ribosomes || synthesize || proteins. Rough || ER || carries || ribosomes || and || synthesizes || lysosomal || enzymes. Smooth || ER || NO || RIBOSOMES. || Creates || lipids, || lipoproteins, || and || steroid || hormones. What || is || the || function || of || the || lysosomes, || peroxisomes, || and || mitochondria? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Lysosomes || break || down || proteins. Peroxisomes || break || down || free || radicals || through || the || secretion || of || an || enzyme || that || breaks || down || peroxides. Mitochondria || are || the || power || house || of || the || cell. || They || transform || organic || compounds || into || cellular || energy. What || is || contained || in || the || cytoskeleton || and || what || is || its || function? || - || Correct || answer || ✔The || cytoskeleton || contains || a || network || of || microtubules, || microfilaments, || intermediate || filaments, || and || thick || filaments. || They || control || cell || shape || and || movement.
Explain || microtubules. || - || Correct || answer || ✔Microtubules || can || disassemble || at || one || location || and || reassemble || at || another, || aiding || in || the || maintenance || of || cell || form, || intracellular || transport, || and || the || formation || of || cellular || structures. Explain || centrioles. || - || Correct || answer || ✔Centrioles || are || made || of || microtubules || and || aid || during || cell || division || by || forming || the || mitotic || spindle || and || helping || to || separate || and || move || the || chromosomes. Explain || cilia. || - || Correct || answer || ✔The || cilia || are || also || made || of || microtubules || and || function || in || cell || motility. Give || examples || of || where || cilia || and || flagella || are || found || in || the || human || body. || - || Correct || answer || ✔Cilia || are || found || in || epithelial || lining || such || as || nasal || passages. || Flagella || are || only || found || in || sperm. What || are || the || 4 || functions || of || the || cell || membrane? || - || Correct || answer || ✔The || cell || membrane || separates || the || contents || of || a || cell || from || its || outside || environment. || It || regulates || the || materials || coming || into || and || going || from || the || cell, || it || aids || in || cell || division || and || growth, || and || contains || hormone || receptors || that || facilitate || the || conduction || of || electrical || currents || in || nerve || receptors. Why || do || cells || need || to || communicate || with || one || another? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Cells || need || to || communicate || to || sense || and || respond || to || changes || in || their || environment, || this || cannot || be || done || without || communication. Name || the || 4 || types || of || signaling. || - || Correct || answer || ✔Endocrine, || paracrine, || autocrine, || and || synaptic || signaling
What || are || enzyme-linked || receptors? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Growth || factors. || Have || their || ligand-binding || site || on || the || outside || of || the || cell || membrane. || It || activates || an || intracellular || domain || with || enzyme || activity, || linked || to || growth || factors, || and || respond || to || increased || potassium-sodium || exchanges, || influxes || of || calcium, || and || stimulation || of || glucose || and || amino || acid || uptake. What || are || Ion-channel-linked || receptors? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Neurotransmitters. || Found || on || nerve || and || muscle || cells. || They || are || highly || excitable || and || synaptic || signaling || is || rapid. || Neurotransmitters || use || this || type || of || signaling || to || open || or || close || ion || channels || formed || by || integral || proteins || in || the || cell || membrane. What || is || diffusion? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Molecules || go || from || an || area || of || high || concentration || to || an || area || of || low || concentration || until || they || are || equally || distributed. || i.e. || Electrolytes || move || from || an || area || of || high || concentration || one || one || side || of || a || cell || membrane || to || an || area || of || lower || concentration || on || the || other || side. What || is || facilitated || diffusion? || - || Correct || answer || ✔uses || a || transport || protein || to || help || lipid || insoluble || or || large || molecules || pass || through || the || cell || membrane. What || is || active || transport? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Cells || use || energy || to || move || against || an || electrical || or || chemical || gradient. || Example: || sodium-potassium- ATPase || pump. || This || pump || moves || sodium || from || inside || the || cell || to || the || extracellular || region || and || returns || potassium || to || the || inside || of || a || cell. What || is || the || most || important || active || transport || system || and || why || is || it || important? || - || Correct || answer || ✔The || sodium-potassium-ATPase || pump || is || the || most ||
important || active || transport || system. || The || removal || of || sodium || and || the || replacement || with || potassium || causes || the || cell || to || maintain || its || structural || integrity. || If || sodium || remained || in || the || cell, || the || cell || would || swell || and || die. Define || endocytosis. || - || Correct || answer || ✔Endocytosis || is || the || process || by || which || a || cell || takes || in || substances || from || outside || itself || by || engulfing || them || in || a || vesicle || (such || as || nutrients || or || pathogens || that || immune || cells || engulf || and || destroy). What || is || pinocytosis? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Pinocytosis || is || "cell || drinking", || where || the || cell || engulfs || small || solid || or || fluid || particles || such || as || proteins || and || electrolytes. What || is || phagocytosis? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Phagocytosis || means || "cell || eating" || where || the || membrane || engulfs || then || kills || microorganisms || or || other || molecules. || Once || the || particle || is || enclosed, || a || phagosome || is || formed || and || it || moved || into || the || cytoplasm || where || a || lysosome || meets || it || to || be || destroyed. || (think: || white || blood || cells, || leukocytes) Why || are || ion || channels || necessary? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Ions || are || unable || to || cross || the || cell || membrane || due || to || the || arrangement || of || hydrophilic || heads || and || hydrophobic || tails || in || the || lipid || bilayer. || In || order || to || cross || the || membrane, || they || must || interact || with || membrane || receptors. What || is || primary || active || transport? || - || Correct || answer || ✔ATP || is || used || directly || to || transport || the || substance What || is || secondary || active || transport? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Energy || is || derived || from || the || primary || active || transport || of || one || substance, || usually || sodium, || for || the || cotransport || of || a || second || substance
What || is || connective || tissue || and || its || characteristics? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Connective || tissue: || produces || extracellular || matrix || that || supports || and || holds || tissues || together. || Two || categories || are || connective || tissue || proper || (consisting || of || loose, || adipose, || reticular, || and || dense || connective || tissues) || and || specialized || connective || tissue, || which || includes || cartilage || and || bone What || is || muscle || tissue? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Muscle || tissue: || moves || the || skeletal || structures, || pumps || blood || through || the || heart. || Three || types: || skeletal, || cardiac, || and || smooth What || is || nervous || tissue? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Nervous || tissue: || found || throughout || body || and || used || for || communication || between || peripheral || tissues || and || central || nervous || system. || Senses || and || moves || about || the || environment. || Two || types || of || cells: || glial || (supporting || neurons) || and || neurons || (function || in || communication) What || is || atrophy || and || what || causes || it? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Atrophy || is || the || decrease || of || an || organ || or || tissue || due || to || a || decrease || in || the || mass || of || pre-existing || cells. || Can || be || caused || by || disuse, || nutritional || or || oxygen || deprivation, || aging, || diminished || endocrine || stimulation, || or || denervation. What || is || hypertrophy? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Hypertrophy || is || the || increase || of || the || size || of || an || organ || or || tissue || due || to || an || increase || in || the || size || of || the || cells || that || comprise || it. || An || increase || of || workload || causes || protein || synthesis || and || the || size || and || number || of || intracellular || organelles || are || all || increased. What || is || hyperplasia? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Hyperplasia || is || an || increase || in || the || size || of || an || organ || or || tissue || caused || by || an || increase || in || the || number || of || cells || that || compromise || the || organ || or || tissue.
What || is || the || advantage || and || disadvantage || of || metaplasia? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Metaplasia || is || the || replacement || of || one || differentiated || tissue || by || another. || One || advantage || is || that || cells || are || more || likely || to || survive || in || a || less-than-optimal || environment. || One || disadvantage || is || that || if || the || cells || remain || under || constant || stress, || it || can || progress || to || dysplasia. Define || dysplasia. || Is || it || reversible? || What || can || it || lead || to? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Dysplasia || is || disordered || cellular || growth || and || can || result || in || cells || that || vary || in || size, || shape, || and || organization. || Dysplasia || is || reversible, || in || theory, || with || alleviation || of || inciting || stress. || If || stress || persists, || dysplasia || progresses || to || carcinoma || (irreversible). List || the || 5 || categories || in || which || cells || can || be || damaged || and || give || an || example || of || each. || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || Injury || from || physical || agents: || mechanical || forces || (i.e. || burns, || fractured || bones)
- || Injury || from || biological || agents: || viruses, || parasites, || and || bacteria
- || Chemical || injuries: || drug || toxicities, || lead || and || mercury || toxicity
- || Radiation || injuries: || occur || as || a || result || of || ionizing || (radiation || treatment || for || cancer), || ultraviolet, || nonionizing
- || Injury || from || nutritional || imbalances: || can || be || caused || by || nutrient || excesses || or || deficiency What || is || apoptosis? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Apoptosis || is || programmed || cell || death. || This || rids || the || body || of || cells || that || are || worn || out, || have || been || produced || in || excess, || or || have || improperly || formed.
What || are || the || steps || of || the || disease || process? || - || Correct || answer || ✔etiology, || pathogenesis, || morphologic || changes, || clinical || manifestations, || diagnosis, || and || the || clinical || course. Define || disease. || - || Correct || answer || ✔can || be || defined || as || an || illness || leading || to || abnormal || physiological || function || of || an || organ, || body || structure, || or || an || entire || system. || Someone || can || be || born || with || a || disease, || or || they || can || acquire || it || over || the || course || of || their || lifetime. What || is || pathogenesis? || - || Correct || answer || ✔is || the || development || of || a || disease || process. || It || is || the || cascade || of || events || occurring || at || the || cellular || and || tissue || level || from || the || initial || point || of || contact || with || an || etiologic || agent || to || the || ultimate || manifestation || of || a || disease. How || is || a || normal || value || for || a || test || determined? || - || Correct || answer || ✔A || normal || value || for || a || laboratory || test || is || statistically || determined || from || test || results || obtained || from || a || select || sample || of || the || population. What || 3 || types || of || RNA || does || the || nucleus || house? || - || Correct || answer || ✔tRNA, || rRNA, || mRNA What || is || chromatin? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Complex || structure || of || DNA || associated || proteins || contained || in || nuclear || matrix. What || does || the || nucleolus || do? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Processes || rRNA || and || assembl || it || into || ribosomes.
How || many || chromosomes || are || nucleoli || comprised || of? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Five The || nuclear || envelope || _____ || the || nucleus || and || contains || _____ || nuclear || membranes. || - || Correct || answer || ✔surrounds; || contains Certain || materials || will || move || in || both || directions || through || the || nuclear || envelope. || What || are || they? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Fluids, || electrolytes, || RNA, || proteins, || and || hormones What || 5 || organelles || are || found || within || the || cytoplasm? || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || Ribosomes
- || ER
- || Golgi || complex
- || Mitochondria
- || Lysosomes What || does || the || ER || do? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Functions || as || a || transportation || system || for || substances || throughout || the || cell What || does || the || Golgi || apparatus || do? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Takes || substances || produced || in || the || ER, || modifies || them, || and || packages || them || into || secretory || granules || or || vesicles. || Think: || USPS || mail || sorting || center Lysosomal || enzymes || require || a || ______ || environment || to || work || best || - || Correct || answer || ✔Acidic
What || protein || subunits || are || microtubules || made || of? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Tubulin What || happens || if || cilia || become || immotile? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Disease || can || occur || i.e. || immotile || cilia || syndrome, || where || cilia || can't || move || harmful || bacteria || out || of || the || lungs What || do || microfilaments || do? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Provide || support || to || the || cell What || are || the || 3 || types || of || microfilaments? || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || Thin
- || Intermediate
- || Thick Which || type || of || microfilament || supports || the || shape || of || the || cell? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Intermediate A || disruption || of || the || microtubule || protein || and || neurofilaments || results || in || a || neurofibrillary || tangle || in || the || brain || as || seen || with || _____ || - || Correct || answer || ✔Alzheimers The || cellular || membrane || contains || a || _______ || head || and || a || _______ || tail || - || Correct || answer || ✔Hydrophilic; || hydrophobic What || helps || cells || stick || to || each || other? || - || Correct || answer || ✔A || hydrophilic || head || in || the || plasma || membrane
What || spans || the || entire || lipid || bilayer || of || the || cell || membrane? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Integral || proteins What || do || peripheral || proteins || do || for || the || plasma || membrane? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Serve || as || receptors || and || intracellular || signaling || systems What || does || the || glycocalyx || (cell || coat) || do? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Functions || in || cell- to-cell || recognition || and || adhesion Where || do || intracellular || receptors || often || reside? || - || Correct || answer || ✔On || the || cytoplasmic || side || of || the || membrane Intracellular || receptors || are || often || activated || by || _________ || capable || of || moving || directly || across || the || membrane || - || Correct || answer || ✔Hormones
