Download Pathophysiology Exam 2 Practice Test multiple choice latest Answers 2023-2024 Graded A+.do and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!
multiple choice latest Answers
2023/2024 Graded A+
Pathophysiology Exam 2 Practice Test
multiple choice latest Answers
Which of the following valves directs blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle? A. Mitral B. Tricuspid C. Aortic D. Pulmonic - โ
A. Mitral The layer of squamous cells that lines the cardiac chambers and valves is called the: A. myocardium B. endocardium C. epicardium D. Pericardium - โ
B. endocardium How much does the atrial kick increase the blood volume? A. 5%-10% B. 10%-15% C. 15%-20% D. 20%-25% - โ
C. 15%-20% Which of the following waves corresponds with the AV valve bulging during ventricular contraction? A. A wave B. C wave C. D wave D. V wave - โ
B. C wave (The A wave corresponds with atrial contraction, the C wave corresponds with the AV valve bulging during ventricular contraction, and the V wave corresponds to atrial filling. There is no D wave. What portions of the heart does the left anterior descending branch supply? A. Septal, anterior and apical B. Lateral and Posterior C. Lateral and septal D. Posterior and apical - โ
A. Septal, anterior, and apical
multiple choice latest Answers
2023/2024 Graded A+
What is the name for the arrangement in which separate cells of the myocardium can function together? A. Autoregulation B. Syncytium C. Ischemia D. Myocyte - โ
B. Syncytium The structure that is composed of six polypeptide chains, two heavy chains, and four light chains is called: A. actin B. tropomyosin C. troponin D. myosin - โ
D. myosin Which electrolyte is necessary for muscle contraction? A. Na+ B. K+ C. Ca++ D. Mg++ - โ
C. Ca++ Which of the following statments is true regarding muscle contraction? A. Calcium removal from the cytoplasm causes contraction. B. Calcium entry into the cytoplasm causes relaxation. C. Cardiac myocytes are terminally differentiated. D. Contraction of cardiac muscle results from lengthening of sarcomeres. - โ
C. Cardiac myocytes are terminally differentiated. Which of the following phases of cardiac action potentials is causes by closure of the fast sodium channels? A. Phase 0 B. Phase C. Phase 2 D. Phase 3 - โ
B. Phase 1 Which of the following refers to intermittent, spontaneous generation of action potentials? A. Rhythmicity B. Relative refractory C. Antiarrhythmics D. Repolarization - โ
A. Rhythmicity
multiple choice latest Answers
2023/2024 Graded A+
โ
C. cell ischemia and death The echocardiogram is especially useful in the measurement of the: A. coronary blood flow and location of obstructions. B. Structures and motion of the heart within the chest. C. Structures and function of the lungs. D. All of the above. - โ
B. Structures and motion of the heart within the chest. Atherosclerosis predisposes to a number of processes, precipitating myocardial ischemia. These processes include: A. coronary dilation B. thrombus formation C. hemorrhage D. ventricular dysrhythmia - โ
B. thrombus formation Abnormal vascular regulation by endothelial cells in small vessels of the heart contributes to: A. truncus arteriosus B. hypertension C. dysrhythmias D. ischemic heart disease. - โ
D. ischemic heart disease. Which of the following clinical manifestations differentiate myocardial infarction from angina pectoris? A. chest pain affected by breathing and relieved by nitroglycerin administration B. Chest pain initiated by exercise or stress and diaphoresis C. Radiating chest pain, ST-segment changes on the ECG, and elevated serum levels of troponin D. Chest pain aggravated by coughing and deep breathing - โ
C. Radiating chest pain, ST-segment changes on the ECG, and elevated serum levels of troponin Which of the following is the marker of choice for detecting a myocardial infarction? A. Elevated T waves on an ECG B. Elevated serum levels of cardiac troponin C. Elevated serum levels of C-MB D. Elevated serum levels of creatine - โ
B. Elevated serum levels of cardiac troponin In a patient with mitral stenosis, cardiac catheterization findings would indicate: A. increased pressure in the right ventricle. B. increased pressure in the left atria C. increased pressure in the left ventricle
multiple choice latest Answers
2023/2024 Graded A+
D. increased pressure in the right atria. - โ
B. increased pressure in the left atria Which of the following conditions may result in chronic pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and right-sided heart failure? A. aortic valve stenosis B. tricuspid valve stenosis C. pulmonary artery valve stenosis D. mitral valve stenosis - โ
D. mitral valve stenosis The primary cause of sudden cardiac death is usually due to: A. cardiomyopathy B. heart failure C. ventricular dysrhythmia D. myocardial infarction - โ
C. ventricular dysrhythmia The pathologic changes that occur in the development of coronary atherosclerotic lesions include: A. a decrease in the number of smooth muscle cells. B. chronic vasoconstriction, leading to calcium buildup C. damage to endothelial cells by oxidized lipids, inflammatory response, and formation of plaques. D. obstruction of a coronary vessel with death o tissue distal to the blockage - โ
C. damage to endothelial cells by oxidized lipids, inflammatory response, and formation of plaques What factor causes a congenital heart disease to produce cyanosis? A. Left-to-right shunting of blood B. right-to-left shunting of blood C. Ventricular septal obstruction D. none of the above - โ
B. Right-to-left shunting of blood Two main causes of diastolic and systolic heart failure are: A. ischemic heart disease and hypertension B. cardiomyopathy and anemia C. hyperthyroidism and coronary artery disease D. hypertension and valvular heart disease. - โ
A. ischemic heart disease and hypertension. Which of the following medications is used to decrease preload in patients with heart failure? A. corticosteroids B. Beta-blockers
multiple choice latest Answers
2023/2024 Graded A+
D. Dilation, which results in decreased vascular resistance, decreased blood pressure, and decreased afterload. - โ
C. Constriction, which results in increased vascular resistance, increased blood pressure, and increased afterload The patient has a regular heart rate of 54 bets/min. The nurse would document this rhythm as: A. sinus arrhythmia B. sinus bradycardia C. sinus rhythm D. sinus tachycardia - โ
B. sinus bradycardia Which of the following statements best describes atrial fibrillation? A. The P wave precedes, follows, or is buried in the QRS complex B. Disorganized and irregular atrial waves are accompanied by an irregular ventricular rate. C. it causes an atrial rate of 240 to 350 beats/min in a sawtooth pattern of atrial depolarization. D. It occurs earlier than normal, preceded by a P wave with a normal QRS configuration - โ
B. Disorganized and irregular atrial waves are accompanied by an irregular ventricular rate. A patient with an acute MI who is given a drug to lyse the clot in the coronary artery suddenly develops serious arrhythmias once circulation is restored. What is the best explanation for this phenomenon? A. The patient has developed cardiogenic shock. B. There is an increase in oxygen demand once circulation is restored. C. The return of perfusion resulted in reperfusion injury D. Emergency drugs given during resuscitation did not circulate to the heart until the clot was lysed - โ
C. The return of perfusion resulted in reperfusion injury For the patient in hypovolemic shock, what compensatory mechanism will help preserve adequate circulation? A. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone cascade B. increased activity of the parasympathetic nervous system C. Decreased secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) D. Vasodilation - โ
A. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone cascade Which of the following types of shock is not characterized by generalized vasodilation and peripheral pooling of blood? A. Anaphylactic shock B. Neurogenic shock
multiple choice latest Answers
2023/2024 Graded A+
C. Septic shock D. Cardiogenic shock - โ
D. Cardiogenic shock Which is the underlying problem common among all types of shock? A. Generalized vasodilation B. Cardiac failure C. Inadequate cellular oxygenation D. Faulty compensatory mechanisms - โ
C. Inadequate cellular oxygenation What is the pathophysiologic phenomeon underlying disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)? A. Clotting that leads to bleeding B. Elevated platelet and fibrinogen levels C. Inadequate cardiac output D. Mast cell degranulation - โ
A. Clotting that leads to bleeding. Which of the following describes a pathologic manifestation of neurogenic shock? A. release of vasodilatory mediators such as histimine into the circulation B. Loss of sympathetic activation of arteriolar smooth muscle C. Massive immune system activation D. Increased sympathetic nervous stimulation - โ
B. Loss of sympathetic activation of arteriolar smooth muscle Early compensation for hypovolemic shock includes: A. release of epinephrine from adrenal glands. B. decreased heart rate C. shunting of blood from the brain to the extremities D.decreased systemic vascular resistance - โ
A. release of epinephrine from adrenal glands Uncontrolled massive bleeding causes which of the following types of shock? A. Cardiogenic B. Neurogenic C. Hypovolemic D. Septic - โ
C. Hypovolemic Activation of the renin-angiotensin system in shock causes: A. vasodilation B. Fluid retention C. Sodium shifts D. Glucogenesis - โ
B. Fluid retention
multiple choice latest Answers
2023/2024 Graded A+
C. 8
D. 5 -
โ
C. 8
What type of cells makes up the alveoli where gas exchange occurs? A. Type I pneumocytes B. Type II pneumocytes C. Cartilage D. Cilia - โ
A. Type I pneumocytes Which of the following is not one of the types of dead space? A. anatomic B. Cartilaginous C. Alveolar D. Physiologic - โ
B. Cartilaginous Which of the following is a true statement regarding the mechanics of breathing? A. During inspiration the muscles relax B. During exhalation the muscles contract C. Functional residual capacity is the air remaining in the alveoli D. Atelectasis is when bronchi collapse - โ
C. Functional residual capacity is the air remaining in alveoli Which of the following causes an increase in lung compliance? A. Pneumonia B. Pulmonary edema C. ARDS D. Emphysema - โ
D. Emphysema The portion of the brain that is responsible for neural control of the respiratory system is the: A. cerebellum B. medulla oblongata C. frontal lobe D. thalamus - โ
B. medulla oblongata Which of the following statements regarding oxygen and carbon dioxide is true? A. carbon dioxide is less soluble than oxygen B. oxygen diffuses more quickly than carbon dioxide C. oxygen is carried in four forms in blood D. carbon dioxide is carried in four forms in the blood - โ
D. carbon dioxide is carried in four forms in the blood
multiple choice latest Answers
2023/2024 Graded A+
What occurs with hypoventilation? A. The amount of air entering the alveoli increases. B. The PaCO2 exceeds 45 mmHg C. It is a normal response to high altitude D. Hypocapnia occurs - โ
B. The PaCO2 exceeds 45 mmHg Which of the following values is consistent with acute respiratory failure? A. PaO2 of 100 mmHg B. PaCO2 of 40 mmHg C. pH less than 7. D. Hypocapnia - โ
C. pH less than 7. Compliance of the lung is the measure of: A. how easily the lung can be inflated B. how easily gas exchange occurs at the alveoli C. how much dead space the lung has D. shunting - โ
A. how easily the lung can be inflated Areas of the lung that have little ventilation and thus little oxygen will cause the blood vessels of that area to A. vasoconstrict B. vasodilate C. remain the same D. clot off - โ
A. vasoconstrict Carbon dioxide diffuses faster than oxygen; therefore problems with diffusion often affect the levels of ____ first. A. oxygen B. carbon dioxide C. nitrogen D. none of these - โ
A. oxygen Which of the following is not a major obstructive airway disease? A. Bronchitis B. Pneumonia C. Emphysema D. Asthma - โ
B. Pneumonia
multiple choice latest Answers
2023/2024 Graded A+
A. Aspergillus fumigatus B. Cor pulmonale C. Bronchiectasis D. Cyanosis - โ
C. Bronchiectasis What is the name for COPD type A? A. Emphysema B. Bronchitis C. "Blue bloater" D. Asthma - โ
A. Emphysema Which of the following is not a major classification of emphysema? A. Centriacinar B. Panacinar C. Paraseptal D. Apex - โ
D. Apex A 24-year-old male presents with emphysema. He has never smoked and does not get much exposure to secondhand smoke. What is the name of the hereditary disease that may be responsible for his emphysema? A. Intrinsic asthma B. 1-Antitrypsin deficiency C. Duchenne muscular dystrophy D. Pulmonary fibrosis - โ
B. 1-Antitrypsin deficiency Which of the following statements regarding bronchiectasis is true? A. it is common in cystic fibrosis B. The most common bacterial pathogen is Streptococcus pneumoniae C. It can lead to carcinoma D. It is classified according to stage of spread. - โ
A. It is common in cystic fibrosis Which of the following statements is true regarding cystic fibrosis? A. It is autosomal dominant B. it is the most common genetic disease in the United States C. It affects endocrine glands D. It is common in African Americans - โ
B. It is the most common genetic disease in the United States. What is the primary cause of airway obstruction in patients with chronic bronchitis? A. Thinning bronchial smooth muscle B. Infection
multiple choice latest Answers
2023/2024 Graded A+
C. Hyperventilation D. Mucous plugs - โ
D. Mucous plugs In extrinsic asthma the immune system responds to the presence of allergens by causing: A. bronchoconstriction B. bronchodilation C. decreased sputum production D. decreased cough reflex - โ
A. bronchoconstriction Which of the following physiologic abnormalities is characteristic of emphysema? A. Extensive inflammation of the lower airways B. Trapping of air in distal air sacs C. Widespread occurrence of bronchial plugs D. Collapse of proximal airways - โ
B. Trapping of air in distal air sacs The major characteristic of bronchiolitis is: A. destruction of lung parenchyma and collapse of distal airways B. obstruction by eosinophilic mucous plugs in the upper airway. C. widespread inflammation of the bronchioles. D. extensive constriction of the bronchioles. - โ
C. widespread inflammation of the bronchioles. Which of the following triad of clinical manifestations suggests epiglottitis? A. Sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and drooling B. Hoarseness, sore throat, and productive cough C. Persistent productive cough, vomiting and fever D. Fever, sore throat, and increased thirst. - โ
A. Sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and drooling Which of the following occurs during an acute asthma attack? A. vital capacity increases B. residual lung volume increases C. inspiratory reserve volume increases D. tidal volume remains unchanged - โ
B. residual lung volume increases Which of the following restrictive diseases is associated with the formation of an antigen-antibody complex, causing fibrosis of the lung? A. Sarcoidosis B. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis C. Diffuse interstitial lung disease D. Pneumoconiosis -
multiple choice latest Answers
2023/2024 Graded A+
Tachycardia, decreased or absent breath sounds on the affected side, hyperresonance, and sudden chest pain on the affected side are clinical manifestations of: A. myocardial infarction B. adult respiratory distress syndrome C. sarcoidosis D. pneumothorax - โ
D. pneumothorax Tubercular bacilli are transmitted by: A. blood and body fluids B. contaminated food C. contaminated blood D. airborne droplet nuclei - โ
D. airborne droplet nuclei The pathogenesis of tuberculosis is: A. inflammation, damage to the alveolar-capillary membrane, and formation of exudates. B. entrance of mycobacteria into the lungs, activation of macrophages, formation of granulomas, fibrosis, and calcification. C. interstitial and alveolar wall thickening, inflammtion, and noncompliant lungs D. formation of antigen-antibody complexes, granuloma production, and fibrosis of the lung. - โ
B. entrance of mycobacteria into the lungs, activation of macrophages, formation of granulomas, fibrosis, and calcification.
