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Pathophysiology Final (HESI) 2025
(tetanus or osteomyelitis) are a threat in persons with compound fractures or when surgical intervention is required; precautions include wound debridement, application of a windowed cast, tetanus booster shots, and prophylactic antimicrobial therapy - Answes>>infections #1 nursing intervention with a patient who has HHNC is: - Answes>>maintain a patent airway! 10% of cases are considered familial; invariable data over time - Answes>>amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) 2 most critical stages of life in which osteoporosis can develop - Answes>>children and elderly a "clot-busting agent" used to reduce the effects of CVA in some individuals - Answes>>tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) a complication from inflammatory destruction of the ossicles, a tympanic membrane perforation, or accumulation of fluid in the middle ear space - Answes>>hearing loss a complication that develops in a limb following treatment as edema increases during the first 48 hours after the trauma and casting; if peripheral area becomes pale or cold and numb or pulse decreases or is absent, it is likely that the cast has become too tight and is compromising the circulation in the limb - Answes>>ischemia a decreased number of neurons in the substantial nigra secrete dopamine, an inhibitory neurotransmitter, leading to an imbalance between excitation and inhibition in the basal nuclei - Answes>>Parkinson's disease a disorder involving a thrombus in a deep vein, most commonly the iliac and femoral veins - Answes>>deep vein thrombosis a fracture complication that may occur as local pain and irritation cause strong muscle contractions at the fracture site; pulls the bone fragments further out of position, causing angulation, rotation of a bone, or overriding of the bone pieces - Answes>>muscle spasm a hereditary error of purine metabolism leads to the overproduction or retention or uric acid - Answes>>primary gout a medical emergency; pericardiocentesis with surgical repair as appropriate is needed (16-18 gauge needle inserted into pericardial space to relieve pressure and analyze fluid) - Answes>>cardiac tamponade
a microvascular complication associated with damage to the small blood vessels that supply the glomeruli of the kidney - Answes>>diabetic nephropathy a nitrogen waste resulting from protein metabolism in the intestine or liver, is removed from the blood and converted to urea, enabling it to be excreted by the kidneys - Answes>>ammonia a nonspecific response of the body to any demand made on it - Answes>>stress a process of wound healing that occurs when there is minimal tissue damage, damaged cells recover, and the tissues return to normal within a short period of time (ex: after a mild sunburn) - Answes>>resolution a progressive degenerative disease affecting both upper motor neurons in the cerebral cortex and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord, no indication of inflammation around the nerves - Answes>>amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) a second pregnancy test is recommended within a ___ if the first test is negative - Answes>>week a specific defense responding to particular substances, cells, toxins, or proteins, which are perceived as foreign to the body and therefore unwanted or potentially dangerous - Answes>>immune response a sudden and severe life-threatening hypersensitivity or circulatory allergic reaction - Answes>>anaphylaxis account for 2-4% of all WBCs; one of their primary functions is to engulf-anitbody complexes formed during an allergic response - Answes>>eosinophils activate the immune system to produce matching antibodies - Answes>>antigens activated in the endocrine system in response to stress - Answes>>hypothalamus activity is less effective with advancing age - Answes>>osteoblastic activity administered to newborns to prevent hemorrhagic disorders - Answes>>vitamin K adults greater than 50 years - Answes>>chronic lymphocytic leukemia affects blood glucose levels, fluid and electrolyte balance, and the stress response - Answes>>Addison's disease all immune cells originate here - Answes>>bone marrow
because of higher blood flow, the lower lobes of the lung are commonly affected - Answes>>pulmonary embolism block H1 receptors to reduce allergic response - Answes>>antihistamines bronchi and bronchioles respond to the stimuli with three changes, inflammation of the mucosa with edema, contraction of smooth muscle, and increased secretion of thick mucus in the passages - Answes>>asthma bronchial constriction; enhanced effect of histamine on smooth muscle - Answes>>leukotrienes burn victims should increase their intake of ___ and ____ - Answes>>protein/carbs burns that involve the epidermis and part of the dermis - Answes>>partial thickness can be acute or chronic, acute referring to a single episode, chronic referring to the long-term condition - Answes>>asthma can distinguish self from non-self and can thus detect and destroy unknown material - Answes>>immune system can lead to ventricular hypertrophy; - Answes>>afterload, hypertension can occur when mediators are released systemically and occurs within minutes and can be life threatening because of bronchial constriction and subsequent airway obstruction and vascular collapse - Answes>>anaphylaxis can suffer much deeper burn injuries than their counterparts - Answes>>elderly cancer common in adults - Answes>>acute myelogenous leukemia cancer common in adults 30-50 years old - Answes>>chronic myelogenous leukemia cancer common in males greater than 50 years - Answes>>hairy cell leukemia cause a person to develop antibodies against his or her glomerular basement membrane - Answes>>anti-GBM antibodies caused by an increase in uric acid production, under excretion of uric acid by the kidneys, or increased intake of foods containing purines, which are metabolized to uric acid by the body - Answes>>gout causes a greater decrease in pH than COPD or metabolic acidosis - Answes>>respiratory acidosis
causes edema of airways and larynx; bronchial constriction; urticaria; angioedema; pruritis; nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and shock - Answes>>histamine change is actually hyperplasia of the prostatic tissue with formation of nodules surrounding the urethra leading to compression of the urethra and variable degrees of urinary obstruction - Answes>>BPH changes in metabolism of lipids and glucose eventually leading to cardiovascular disease and Type 2 diabetes - Answes>>metabolic syndrome characterized by hay fever; is an allergic response to inhalants causing sneezing and profuse watery nasal discharge - Answes>>allergic rhinitis characterized by multiple joint involvement and visible deposits of sodium urate crystals (tophi) - Answes>>chronic gout characterized by remissions and exacerbations, but nevertheless is marked by progressive degeneration; second most common cause of disability in the US - Answes>>multiple sclerosis chemical messengers that affect blood glucose levels, including insulin, glucagon, epinephrine, cortisol, and growth hormone - Answes>>hormones chronic renal failure may result from this, such as bilateral pyelonephritis or congenital polycystic kidney disease - Answes>>chronic kidney disease classic triad of dyspnea, chest pain, and hemoptysis occurs and symptoms may begin slowly or suddenly - Answes>>pulmonary embolism common occurrence when the contractility of the ventricle is reduced and stroke volume declines and may occur a few days after an MI or much later as activity is resumed - Answes>>CHF condition may be difficult to diagnose initially; severe cellular dehydration results in neurologic deficits, muscle weakness, difficulties with speech, and abnormal reflexes - Answes>>HHNC considered a disease of young to middle-aged adults with the onset usually being between 20 and 50 years of age - Answes>>multiple sclerosis contraindicated for anticoagulant drugs - Answes>>tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) conversion of ammonia typically occurs here - Answes>>ammonia correlates well with the signs of hepatic encephalopathy - Answes>>ammonia
essential for the stress response and play an important role in "turning off" or blunting aspects of the stress response - Answes>>corticosteroids evident by the presence of protruding, staring eyes and decreased blink and eye movements; results from increased tissue mass in the orbit pushing the eyeball forward and from increased sympathetic stimulation affecting the eyelids; if untreated, visual impairment may result from optic nerve damage or corneal ulceration - Answes>>exophthalmos excessive ___ intake is a contributor to osteoporosis - Answes>>caffeine exophthalmos occurs in hyperthyroidism as a result of ____ accumulation in eye and ____ tissue - Answes>>fluid/retroorbital tissue facial and periorbital edema occur initially, followed by generalized edema as colloid osmotic pressure of blood drops and sodium and water are retained - Answes>>glomerulonephritis factors affecting this among individuals include external and internal influences - Answes>>stress response fat emboli cause this - Answes>>ARDS filtrate travels through this and electrolytes and water are adjusted to the body's current needs - Answes>>Loop of Henle first and most important step in stopping Laennec's syndrome - Answes>>stop drinking! furosemide acts on this to decrease reabsorption of sodium and water - Answes>>Loop of Henle goal treatment is to correct the underlying cause and to replace both water and any needed electrolytes - Answes>>volume deficit have higher risk for osteoporosis - Answes>>women high risk of infection, poor stress response, weight loss, fatigue, anorexia, nausea, diarrhea, hypotension, syncope, hyperpigmentation - Answes>>Addison's disease hyperglycemia and dehydration develop because of the relative insulin deficit, but sufficient insulin is available to prevent ketoacidosis - Answes>>HHNC if a diabetic patient is alert, they may develop this - Answes>>diabetic polydipsia
impaired functioning of the nervous system; headache, lethargy, weakness, and confusion develop leading to coma and eventually death - Answes>>respiratory acidosis in patients with this, the antigen reacts with immunoglobulin E on the previously sensitized mast cells in the respiratory mucosa, releasing histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, and other chemical mediators, which cause inflammation, bronchospasm, edema, and increased mucus secretion; also stimulates branches of the vagus nerve, causing reflex bronchoconstriction - Answes>>extrinsic asthma in some, there is a genetic deficiency of alpha1- antitrypsin, a protein that normally presents in tissues and body fluids that inhibits the activity of proteases, which are destructive enzymes released by neutrophils during an inflammatory response - Answes>>emphysema incidence is increasing most rapidly in older patients - Answes>>chronic kidney disease includes the pituitary gland, the two adrenal glands, the thyroid gland, the four parathyroid glands, the endocrine portion of the pancreas, the gonads, the pineal gland, and the thymus - Answes>>endocrine glands increase in numbers with bacterial infection - Answes>>"bands" or "stabs" (immature neutrophils) increase in pulmonary artery pressure; systemic hypotension - Answes>>platelet- activating factor increase in this usually indicates an allergic response - Answes>>eosinophils indicative of angina pectoris; condition in which the heart has outgrown its blood supply
- Answes>>hypertrophy indicative of decreased erythropoietin secretion - Answes>>anemia infarction of left ventricle, aortic valve stenosis, hypertension, hyperthyroidism - Answes>>left-sided CHF infarction of right ventricle,pulmonary valve stenosis, pulmonary disease - Answes>>right-sided CHF initiates starch digestion - Answes>>salivary amylase involve a basic developmental failure somewhere in the system (Ex: in the bone marrow's production of stem cells) the thymus, or the synthesis of antibodies - Answes>>primary deficiencies
make up less than 2% of all leukocytes; have cytoplasmic granules that contain heparin, serotonin, and histamine - Answes>>basophils manifestations include heavy feelings over the chest, shortness of breath, tachycardia, cough, dysphagia, hiccups, hoarseness, nausea, vomiting, excessive perspiration, decreased level of consciousness, pulses paradoxes, distant or muted heart sounds, and extreme anxiety, neck vein distension - Answes>>cardiac tamponade may also be caused by drugs that increase the rate of cell death; may be related to another acquired disorder or may be the result of drugs known to inhibit uric acid excretion - Answes>>secondary gout may be present if renal failure is related to glomerular membrane dysfunction - Answes>>proteinuria may develop shortly after the fracture occurs when there is more extensive inflammation, such as with crash injuries; increase pressure of fluid within the fascia, (non-elastic covering of the muscle) compresses nerves and vessels, causing severe pain and ischemia or necrosis of the muscle; pressure effects may be aggravated by a cast - Answes>>compartment syndrome may indicate an aneurysm - Answes>>retroperitoneal bleeding may present as an acute episode but usually is a chronic condition; may result from an infarction or a valve defects may arise from increased demands on the heart, such as those imposed by hypertension or lung disease - Answes>>CHF measured to determine oxygenation status and acid base balance - Answes>>ABGs most common cause is due to aging; can occur from noise exposure, vascular or systemic diseases, poor or inadequate nutrition, ototoxic drugs, and pollution during the life span can damage the hair - Answes>>hearing loss most common in young children - Answes>>acute lymphocytic leukemia most common leukocyte, comprising 50% to 60% of WBCs, but survive only 4 days and are the first to respond to any tissue damage and commence phagocytosis - Answes>>neutrophils most common nonspecific symptoms include: fatigue and depression, accompanied by other manifestations such as changes in energy level, alertness, sleep patterns, mood, affect, weight, skin, hair, personal appearance, and sexual function - Answes>>diabetic polydipsia mucosal edema; bronchial constriction - Answes>>serotonin
necessary when drugs have failed; is a short term bridge to cardiac transplantation; needed if acute myocardial infarction occurs with ventricular aneurysm accompanied by ventricular dysrhythmias, acute ventricular septal defect, acute mitral valve dysfunction, cardiogenic shock, or refractory chest pain with or without ventricular dysrhythmias - Answes>>intraaortic balloon pump therapy no single causative agent of this disease, most result from a combination of factors, including genetic and environmental influences - Answes>>leukemia nonspecific S/S include: tachycardia, palpitations, fatigue, or altered mood - Answes>>diabetic polydipsia normally +2.0 mEq/L - Answes>>base excess normally 22-26 mEq/L - Answes>>bicarbonate (HCO3-) normally 32-48 mm Hg - Answes>>PaCO normally 7.35-7.45 - Answes>>pH normally 95-100 mm Hg - Answes>>PaO normally 96%-98% - Answes>>arterial O2 saturation number of adults with this disease is approximately 10 times that of children - Answes>>leukemia occurs a few hours after exposure; increased leukocytes, particularly eosinophils, release of additional chemical mediators such as leukotrines, resulting in prolonged inflammation, bronchoconstriction and epithelial damage - Answes>>second stage of allergic response occurs a few hours later after an asthma attack in which leukocytes are increased, particularly eosinophils, releasing additional chemical mediators such as leukotrienes, resulting in prolonged inflammation, bronchoconstriction and epithelial damage - Answes>>second stage occurs because of glucose intolerance and increased gluconeogenesis by the liver; high glucose levels due to lack of insulin - Answes>>hyperglycemia occurs in an anaphylactic reaction when the mediators remain localized; characterized by a pale wheal containing edematous fluid surrounded by a red flare from the hyperemia; occurs in minutes or hours and is usually not dangerous - Answes>>wheal- and-flare reaction occurs in hyperthyroidism and with Grave's disease - Answes>>exophthalmos
exposure to cold, exercise, drugs such as aspirin, stress, and inhalation or irritants such as cigarette smoke) - Answes>>intrinsic asthma originates from the kidney and stimulates erythrocyte production in the red bone marrow in response to tissue hypoxia - Answes>>erythropoietin osteoporosis is common in older individuals, especially ____ women with ___ deficiency
- Answes>>postmenopausal, estrogen other manifestations are cough, pleuritic chest pain, hemoptysis, crackles, fever, accentuation of the pulmonic heart sound, and sudden change in mental status as a result of hypoxemia - Answes>>pulmonary embolism patient goals for this disease include maintaining an acceptable body weight and fluid balance with dietary modifications or with peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis treatments
- Answes>>chronic kidney disease patient may not experience abdominal pain with this but may have numbness and pain in a lower extremity secondary to compression of the lateral cutaneous nerve, located in the region of the first to third lumbar vertebrae - Answes>>retroperitoneal bleeding patients on dialysis have an increased risk of infection by this - Answes>>HIV patients with this in place are prone to infection - Answes>>IABP person may suddenly burst into tears of laughter - Answes>>right hemiplegia places pressure on abdominal organs located within the contained abdominal cavity - Answes>>retroperitoneal bleeding positive results of a pregnancy test are based on the presence of this - Answes>>hCG prepare the body for flight-or-flight response - Answes>>epinephrine and norepinephrine produce more ___ ____ for a burn victim and replace tissue - Answes>>body heat prognosis is excellent and chemo is administered; best prognosis is found in children - Answes>>leukemia protects women until after menopause - Answes>>HDL pts with advanced cancer are often ____ - Answes>>malnourished pulmonary embolus due to this is the leading cause of death in hospitals - Answes>>deep vein thrombosis
reabsorption of Na+ and Cl- in ascending limb; reabsorption of water in descending loop; concentration of filtrate - Answes>>Loop of Henle refers to a deficiency of adrenocortical secretions, the glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens; an autoimmune reaction is the common cause - Answes>>Addison's disease refers to a situation in which there is a large break in the tissue and consequently more inflammation, a longer healing period, and formation of more scar tissue; a compound fracture would heal in this manner - Answes>>second intention refers to an inherited tendency toward allergic conditions - Answes>>atopic refers to loss of immune response resulting from specific causes and may occur at any time during the lifespan - Answes>>secondary immunodeficiency (acquired) refers to the process involved when the would is clean, free of foreign material and necrotic tissue, and the edges of it are held close together, creating a minimal gap between the edges; seen in some surgical incisions - Answes>>first intention healing related to infectious, immunologic, and genetic factors and is perpetuated as a result on intrinsic factors - Answes>>multiple sclerosis releases ammonia - Answes>>urease required for the production of clotting factors such as prothrombin and fibrinogen - Answes>>Vitamin K result in destruction of all skin layers and often underlying tissues as well - Answes>>full-thickness burns results from a loss of function, partial or total, of one or more components of the immune system leading to increased risk of infection and cancer - Answes>>immunodeficiency results from fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac, constriction of the pericardium by tumor, or pericarditis secondary to radiation therapy to the chest - Answes>>cardiac tamponade results in an accumulation of dysfunctional cells because of a loss of regulation in cell division - Answes>>leukemia right ventricular hypertrophy occurs in this condition - Answes>>Tetralogy of Fallot
tends to have a more insidious onset, with milder signs, and may be diagnosed during a routine blood check; early signs include fatigue, weakness, and frequent infections - Answes>>chronic leukemia the "good" lipoprotein; has a low lipid content and is used to transport cholesterol AWAY from the peripheral cells to the liver, where it undergoes catabolism and excretion - Answes>>HDL the cause of this disease has not been identified, although a number of genes on various chromosomes have been linked to the disease - Answes>>amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) the destruction of the alveolar walls and septae, which leads to large, permanently inflated alveolar air spaces - Answes>>emphysema the first line of defense that blocks entry of materials or harmful substances - Answes>>skin/mucous membranes the formation of a thrombus in association with inflammation in the vein; the most common disorder of the veins - Answes>>deep vein thrombosis the hypothalamus releases this in response to stress - Answes>>CRH(corticotropin releasing hormone) the leading cause of end-stage renal disease in the US; about the same in patients with either type 1 or type 2 diabetes - Answes>>diabetic nephropathy the release of insulin antagonists by adipose tissue; an increased proportion of body fat results in insulin resistance and changes in metabolism - Answes>>metabolic syndrome the sterile gut of a newborn lacks intestinal bacteria necessary for the synthesis of this vitamin - Answes>>vitamin K the study of personality, behavior, and mental illness in terms of responses to interrelated biological, social, cultural, and environmental factors - Answes>>psychobiology the volume of blood ejected by a ventricle in one minute and depends on heart rate and stroke volume, the volume pumped from one ventricle in one contraction - Answes>>cardiac output there will be a localized ____ increase with burns and local inflammation - Answes>>temperature
this kind of pregnancy test should be performed if it is ectopic - Answes>>serum pregnancy test this level is expected to double about every 48 hours in a normal pregnancy; if failed to double, the pregnancy may be ectopic - Answes>>beta- hCG three stages of the general adaptation syndrome to stress - Answes>>alarm reaction, stage of resistance, stage of exhaustion thrombus dislodged from peripheral venous system; lodged in pulmonary arterial system - Answes>>pulmonary embolism two types of antibody-induced injury can initiate this - Answes>>glomerular damage type of infiltrative ophthalmopathy that is due to impaired venous drainage from the orbit, which causes increased fat deposits and edema in the retroorbital tissues; forcing the eyeballs outward - Answes>>exophthalmos use - dressings for a burn victim - Answes>>non-stick used to check kidney and liver functions - Answes>>ammonia used to treat HIV - Answes>>antiretroviral agents used when heart failure occurs - Answes>>intraaortic balloon pump therapy usually develops 10 days to 2 weeks after the antecedent infection; usually affects children between ages of 3 and 7, especially boys - Answes>>glomerulonephritis usually originate as upper respiratory infections, middle ear infections, or "strep throat", certain strains of staph are occasionally responsible for initiating the immune disorder in the kidney - Answes>>glomerulonephritis very common disorder in older men, with an estimated 50% of men over 65 years experiencing some form varying from mild to severe - Answes>>BPH wheal-and-flare reaction on skin; hypotension; bronchospasm - Answes>>prostaglandins when maintained well, maintains skin and mucous membranes and is also essential in reducing host susceptibility - Answes>>nutrition will lead to an increase in CO and maintenance of tissue perfusion - Answes>>hypertrophy
