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PCB 3233 Exam One UCF – questions with
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Immunology is the study of - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ physiological mechanisms that are used to defend the body from invasion by foreign or infectious agents In response to diseases caused by infectious agents, the body develops cells dedicated to defense, these form... - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ the immune system protective/adaptive immunity takes time to develop while ________________________ can _________ _______- and cause disease - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ microorganisms can rapidly multiply Immunity involves two responses: - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ 1. Flexible but specific defenses of the adaptive immune response
- Fixed defenses of the innate immune response In adaptive = - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ B and T cells (you MUST inheret something from your parents) To make B and T cells you need - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ three segments of DNA that make a gene. During vaccination we are given the strongest - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ primary adaptive immune response
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microbes survive on ..... and release - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ -animal and plant products -release digestive enzymes microbes grow on - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ living tissues (extracellular) where they are bathed in nutrients other intracellular microbes infect animal/human cells, utilizing - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ host cell sources Some microbes are ________ and even __________ (ex:_____________) - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ some are harmless and helpful ex: E. Coli What is protecive immunity? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ People who survive a specific infection become immune to it To provide protective immunity, the immune system must first - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ engage the microorganism What is the lag time between infection and protection? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ around 7 days True or false, the first infection is the most dangerous one - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ true true or false, Disease is NOT prevented by prior exposure to an attenuated/killed infectious agent - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ false Who recognized that only those who had recovered from the plague could nurse the sick without becoming sick again? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ 430 BC- Thucydides
If a disease shares the same _________ (like smallpox and cowpox) you can use one or the other to create a vaccination - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ epitope Mucosal surfaces are bathed in mucus; thick fluid containing ___________________, ____________________, and _____________________ - protective - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and enzymes Lysozyme in tears (~ 40% of protein) and saliva is - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ - antibacterial Why is Respiratory tract mucus continuously removed? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ to clear unwanted material Defensins do what - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ poke holes in the pathogen Gram-positive bacteria - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Bacteria that have a thick peptido glycan cell wall, and no outer membrane. They stain very darkly (purple) in Gram stain. -NO LPS (Lipopolysaccharide) -Has LTA Gram-negative bacteria - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Bacteria that have a thin peptidoglycan cell wall covered by an outer plasma membrane. They stain very lightly (pink) in Gram stain. Gram-negative bacteria are typically more resistant to antibiotics than Gram-positive bacteria. -Has LPS (Lipopolysaccharide) -NO LTA (Lipoteichoic acid) Coccus means... - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ circle shaped Pseudomonas aeruginosa - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Gram-negative, rod- shaped bacterium that can cause disease in plants and animals, including humans.
Bacillus anthracis - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ gram-positive spore-forming rod. It was the first bacterium to be used to prove that bacteria caused diseases bacillus means - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ rod shaped Stapholococcus aureus - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Gram-positive, round- shaped bacterium that is a member of the Firmicutes, and it is a usual member of the microbiota of the body, frequently found in the upper respiratory tract and on the skin. Streptococcus - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ gram-positive coccus (plural cocci), or spherical bacteria, that belongs to the family Streptococcaceae, within the order Lactobacillales (lactic acid bacteria), in the phylum Firmicutes. what is lipoteichoic acid in bacteria - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ a surface- associated adhesion amphiphile from Gram-positive bacteria and regulator of autolytic wall enzymes. It is released from the bacterial cells mainly after bacteriolysis induced by lysozyme, cationic peptides from leucocytes, or beta- lactam antibiotics. what is Lipopolysaccharide in bacteria - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ also known as lipoglycans and endotoxins, are large molecules consisting of a lipid and a polysaccharide composed of O-antigen, outer core and inner core joined by a covalent bond; they are found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. NO antibiotics for - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Viral infections, antibiotics only kill bacteria antibiotics kill both - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ good and bad bacteria Skin is continuous with? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ epithelia lining ex:Respiratory, Gastrointestina, Urogenital tracts
lymphoid cells make up how many white blood cells - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ 20-50% (T cells, B cells, NK cells) Mononculear phagocytes: - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ -monocytes that circulate in the blood -macrophages found in tissues Granulocytic cells (granulocytes) - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils Dendritic cells main function... - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ is the presentation of antigen to T cells Define hematopoiesis - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ The generation of the cellular elements of blood, including:Red blood cells (RBC)White blood cells (WBC) or leukocytesMegakaryocyte - Platelets What cells give rise to other cells in a process called self-renewal, becoming more mature stem cells that commit to different lineages - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ hematopoietic stem cells Define pluripotent - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Having the ability to differentiate into many cell types Most abundant leukocytesare the - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ neutrophils (40- 75%) [Lmphocyte makes up 20-50%] Define leukocyte - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ A general term for a white blood cell
Define lymphocyte - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ A class of white blood cells that consist of small and large lymphocytes two classes of lymphocytes - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ -Small lymphocyte (B and T cells) -Large granular lymphocytes (NK cells) NK cells are part of which branch of the immune system? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ innate lymphocyte - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ mononuclear leukocyte that produces antibodies neutrophil - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ A type of white blood cell that engulfs invading microbes and contributes to the nonspecific defenses of the body against disease. monocyte - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ an agranulocytic leukocyte that performs phagocytosis to fight infection Macrophages - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ phagocytize foreign substances and help activate T cells basophil - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ white blood cell containing granules that stain blue; associated with release of histamine and heparin Eosinophils - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ a white blood cell containing granules that are readily stained by eosin. dendritic cell - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Antigen-presenting cell. Shows T and B cells what to attack
Eosinophils are involved with - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ parasitic worm infections What is the dendritic cell's main job? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ presentation of T cells MHC class 1 - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ - intracellular pathogens (virus)
- bind peptide antigen in ER
- present peptide to CD8+ T cells MHC class 2 - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ regulatory receptors found on macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells Involved in presenting antigen to T-cells What do follicular dendritic cells (FDC) do? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ hold intact antigents in specialized areas of lymphoid tissues Where are FDCs located? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ germinal centers of secondary lymphoid tissues what does histamine do? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ inflamation When activated mast cells degranulate, they release pharmacological mediators which cause - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ -vasodialation i-ncrease vascular permeability -attract leukocytes to the site of degranulation secondary granule is aka - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ specific granule primary granule is aka - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ azurophilic granule
megakaryocyte is a bone marrow cells responsible for the production of ..... - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ blood platelets when its cytoplasm becomes fragmented what are kuppfer cells? where are they found? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ phagocytic cells of the liver that line the hepatic sinusoids As bones develop (4-5 months) hematopoiesis shifts to the______ __________ - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ bone marrow what is homing? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ moving cells from one place to another with direction. Chemokines diirect where the neutrophils need to go. (the traffic cops of the blood stream) As neutrophils kill bacteria, they die in the tissue and are engulfed and degraded by.... - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ macrophages step one of phagocytosis - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ phagocyte adheres to pathogens or debris it is now called psuedopodia step two of phagocytosis - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ bacteria is ingested and is now called a phagosome step three of phagocytosis - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ phagosome fuses with lysosome step four and five of phagocytosis - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ lysosomal enzymes digest bacteria and release waste from the cell What is Opsonization - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ complement proteins "flag" the microorganism for phagocytosis. (Way of making microbes more palatable to the phagocyte)
secondary organs are... - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosal-associated tissues secondary organs trap ____________ and promote _____________ _____________ - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ -antigen -lymphocate activation lymphocytes are found in? Where are they activited? Where do they come from? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ -lymphoid tissues. blood, and lymph -activated in the secondary lymphoid tissues -arise from stem cells in bone marrow B cells mature - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ bone marrow T cells mature - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ thymus Primary lymphoid tissues - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Bone marrow and thymus Secondary lymphoid tissue lymphatics - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ spleen, lymph nodes, peyers patches What is a draining lymph node? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ A lymph node receiving the fluid collected at an infected site (typically whatever node is nearest) lymphocytes recirculate at a rate of - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ 5 x 10^6 cells per minute Whats the only cell that can activate T cells? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ dendritic Wheres the only place youll find follicular dendritic cells? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ in a follicle
When an antigen encounters a lymphocyte.... - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ it will no longer circulate What is the purpose of the spleen? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ break down and remove damaged blood cells. What is the site where blood-borne pathogens encounter lymphocytes (a secondary lymphoid organ) = White pulp. - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ the spleen Spleenic macrophages and dendritic cells in the spleen take-up antigen and stimulate - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ T and B-cells. afferent - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ incoming (arrival) efferent - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ carry or move away from a central structure (exit) Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Prevent pathogens from colonizing mucous surfaces, prevent accident absorption, prevent inappropriate responses. MALT tissues range from - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ loosely organized clusters of lymphoid cells to well organized structers such as tonsils the gut associated with lymphoid tissues, GALT include - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ tonsils, adenoids, appendix and Peyer's patches that line the gut What does BALT stand for - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Bronchial-associated lymphoid tissues Lymphocytes that expand persist, providing - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ long term memory
the human gut has around ____________ different species of bacteria - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ 1, innate immune response protection in the gut - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ mechanical: epithelial cells and longitudional flow of air chemical: low pH and antimicrobial enzymes/peptides microbiological: normal microbiota innate immune response protection in the lungs - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ mechanical: epithelial cells, movememnt of mucus by cilia chemical: pulmonary surfactant microbiological: normal microbiota innate immune response protection in the eyes/nose/oral cavity - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ mechanical: epithelial cells and tears/nasal cillia chemical: antimicrobial enzymes in tears and saliva, antimicrobial peptides microbiological: normal microbiota Why might mutations in innate immune system not make it into common genetics of the population? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ The individual dies at an early age, he/she does not live to reproduce What are the four human pathogens - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ bacteria, virusus, parasites, fungi Are viruses intracellular or extracellular? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ intracellular where can viruses not reproduce - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ outside the cell where does bacteria reproduce - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ outside the cell
What is your innate natural fighter cell? Does this cell kill dirrectly? How do they kill cells? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ - NK cells -no, they tell the cell to keep its outermembrane intact, they tag it for apoptosis, and a macrophage comes along to engluf it Can antibodies get inside the cell to tag something? Can compliment get inside the cell? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ no! must be outside to tag Why can a pet typically not make you sick? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ For a virus to cause you harm, it must be able to bind to your cell surface. Other species pathogens do not have the ability to bind to our cell surface. Does HIV do well outside the body? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ no, this is why you need fluid contact to spread it Is anthrax able to hold up well outside a body? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ yes! (ex- anthrax spores were sent through the mail to ft lauderdale and cauased many people to get sick/die) What is anthrax - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ an acute disease which is caused by Bacillus Anthracis What is the endpoint of a compliment cascade? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ MAC (membrane attac complex) What are the three compliment pathways? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ alternative, lectin, classical What is the alternative pathway? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ 1) pathogen surface creates local environment conducive to compliment activation 2)first to act
- Third to act
- complement activation
- cleavage of C3 to C3a AND C3b. C3b covalently bound to surface components of pathogen
- recuritment of inflammatory cells OR opsonization of pathogens faciliting uptake and killing by phagocytes OR perforation of pathogen cell membranes
- DEATH OF PATHOGEN What is opsonin - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ a protein bound to the surface of a pathogen that facilitates its phagocytosis What binds to C3b deposited on microbial surface and leads to phagocytosis? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ CR What does CR stand for - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ compliment receptor What are the two things CR1 can do/be - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ - Compliment receptor -an inhibitory factor on our cell surface C3bBb+C3b= - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ C What si the atlernative C5 convertase? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ C3b2Bb What does C5a do? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Recruits neutrophils to infection site (C6)
What is the most potent anaphylatoxin? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ C5a What initates the membrane attack complex? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ C5b or C Cr4 binds to - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ C3b CR3 and CR4 recognizes - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ iC3b C3b can be recognized by ___________________ cells - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ phagocytic CR2 is a B-cell co-receptor and recognizes - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ C3d C3a and C5a contribute to - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ acute inflammation (aka anaphylatoxins) What does C3a and C5a do? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ -binds mast cells, phagocytes and endothelial cells -release of histamine from mast cells Plasma protein = - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ properdin (factor P) Factor P binds to _________________________________ on microbial surfaces and protects it from inhibition by - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ -C3 convertase (C3bBb) -factor H On human cells the complement pathway is stopped by...... - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ human cell-surface proteins decay-accelerating factor (DAF) and membrane co-factor protein (MCP).
