Download Anatomy and Physiology Study Guide: Nervous System, Tissues, and Terminology and more Exams Human Physiology in PDF only on Docsity!
Penn Foster Anatomy & Physiology
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The nervous system is the body's - ✔✔control center The central nervous system consists of - ✔✔brain and spinal cord and their associated structures The peripheral nervous system is comprised of - ✔✔the nerves traveling from the brain or spinal cord to the target organs and back The somatic nervous system carries out - ✔✔conscious activities, such as walking, eating, etc The autonomic nervous system performs functions that - ✔✔don't require conscious thought, such as breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate The basic structural and functional unit of the nervous system is the - ✔✔neuron or nerve cell 2 Important types of neurons are - ✔✔sensory neurons and motor neurons Sensory neurons carry signals of - ✔✔touch, taste, etc to the brain Motor neurons carry instructions from - ✔✔the brain to the muscles, causing them to move The primary purpose of a neuron is to - ✔✔transmit an electrical signal that acts either to signal other neurons or to cause a change in a target organ, such as a muscle or gland Depolarization is - ✔✔the change in membrane potential that occurs when a nerve is stimulated
Repolarization is - ✔✔the reestablishment of normal resting membrane potential Some of the more important neurotransmitters include - ✔✔acetylcholine, norepinephrine, gamma- aminobutyric acid (GABA), dopamine, enkephalins, serotonin Reflexes - ✔✔involuntary motor movements initiated by specific sensory input Receptors - ✔✔nerve endings that detect changes in the environment Gustatory Sense - ✔✔sense of taste Olfactory Sense - ✔✔sense of smell Auditory Sense - ✔✔sense of hearing The third eyelid found in some species is referred to by which name - ✔✔nictitating membrane Which receptors are involved with the proprioception sense - ✔✔stretch receptors in the muscles, tendons, and ligaments Ipsilateral reflex refers to - ✔✔reflex where the stimulus and response are both on the same side of the body What is the test for a proprioception deficit - ✔✔flip over a foot while the animal is standing and see if the animal corrects the position What is true of gray matter - ✔✔it makes up the outer tissue layer in the brain
Central temperature receptors that monitor the body's internal temperature and located within which structure of the brain - ✔✔hypothalamus 3 Layers of the Skn - ✔✔1) Epidermis, 2) Dermis, 3) Hypodermis What is the sagittal plane? - ✔✔Plan that runs the length of the body and divides it into L and R halves that are not always equal What is the medial plane? - ✔✔The plane that runs down the body and cuts it into equal halves What is the transverse plane? - ✔✔A plane that divides the body into cranial and caudal parts What is the dorsal plane? - ✔✔A plane that divides the body into dorsal and ventral halves What does medial mean? - ✔✔Closest to the body What does lateral mean? - ✔✔Away from the median plane What is the carpus? - ✔✔The equivalent of our wrist What is the tarsus? - ✔✔The equivalent of our ankle? What does the Dorsal Body Cavity contain? - ✔✔The brain and spinal cord What does the Ventral Body Cavity contain? - ✔✔Most of the soft organs Define: Pleura - ✔✔the thin membrane that covers all the organs in the thoracic cavity Define: Peritoneum - ✔✔the thick membrane that covers the contents of the abdomen
What are the 4 basic tissues - ✔✔1) Epithelial, 2) Connective, 3) Muscular, 4) Nervous What is the function of Epithelial tissue? - ✔✔Covers and lines the body surfaces What is the function of Connective tissue? - ✔✔Connects and supports the body What is the function of Muscle tissue? - ✔✔To move the body What is the function of Nervous tissue? - ✔✔Transmits information throughout the body and controls body functions What does the Chromatin do? - ✔✔Regulates protein synthesis and other molecular interactions What are the building blocks of Nucleic Acids? - ✔✔Nucleotides How many Nucleotides are there? - ✔✔ 5 What are the 5 Nucleotides called? - ✔✔1) Adenine, 2) Cytosine, 3) Guanine, 4) Thymine, 5) Uracil What does DNA do? - ✔✔Contains all the instructions needed by the cell to build proteins What is the largest molecule in the body? - ✔✔Nucleic Acid What is noteworthy about Functional Proteins? - ✔✔They are water soluble, flexible, and have 3D shape What is noteworthy about Structural Proteins? - ✔✔They are stable, rigid, water insoluble
Where are squamous cells found? - ✔✔the mouth, lips, and middle layer of skin Where are cuboidal cells found? - ✔✔in the ducts of the body, such as the kidney ducts Where are Columnar cells found? - ✔✔in the small intestine and any part of the body with cilia Where are Simple Squamous cells found? - ✔✔Any place where something is filtered, such as the lungs and the kidneys Where are Simple Cuboidal cells found? - ✔✔In the ovaries, the walls of the kidneys, parts of the eye, and thyroid Where are Simple Columnar cells found? - ✔✔In the eyes, ears, parts of the digestive tract, and reproductive organs Where are Stratified Squamous cells found? - ✔✔The esophagus, mouth, female reproductive organs, and the skin Where are Pseudostratified cells found? - ✔✔In the lining of the respiratory tract Which is contractile and which is the motor protein: actin or myosin? - ✔✔Contractile: Actin, Motor Protein: Myosin What do Prostaglandins do? - ✔✔Mediates inflammation What does Thromboxane do? - ✔✔Mediates platelet function What do Leukotrienes do? - ✔✔Mediate bronchoconstriction and mucus production
Step 1 in the process of inflammation - ✔✔blood flow to wound in increased causing redness and heat. Histamine and heparin are released to control hemorrhaging Step 2 in the process of inflammation - ✔✔Fluid goes to the wound causing swelling Step 3 in the process of inflammation - ✔✔Clot formation slows bleeding Step 4 in the process of inflammation - ✔✔large cells aid in the removal of debris Step 5 in the process of inflammation - ✔✔Blood flow returns to normal and swelling, heat and redness subside These provide points or areas of reference for descriptions of direction or location - ✔✔Plane of reference Body system: lungs and air passageways - ✔✔Respiratory System When giving an injection which end (hub or needle) is located superficially? - ✔✔The needle is deep and the hub is superficial Toward the surface (whole body or part) - ✔✔Superficial (external) Inflammation of the peritoneum - ✔✔Peritonitis Divides the body into L and R parts that aren't necessarily equal - ✔✔Sagittal plane Tissue that moves the body inside and out - ✔✔Muscle tissue What are the two fluids that separate the visceral layer and the parietal layer in thoracic and abdominal cavities - ✔✔Pleural fluid and peritoneal fluid
Cranial thoracic cavity is also known as - ✔✔thorax or chest Also known as gross anatomy - ✔✔Macroscopic anatomy Body system: heart and blood vessels - ✔✔Cardiovascular system The space in the skull and spinal column that contains the brain and spinal cord - ✔✔Dorsal body cavity Basic functional units of life - ✔✔Cells Directional term: in humans, posterior takes the place of - ✔✔dorsal What are the four basic tissues that make up an animal's body? - ✔✔Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue Why do the pleural surfaces scrape over each other and make breathing painful? - ✔✔The pleural surfaces became thickened and roughened by inflammation, a condition called pleuritis or pleurisy Types of very soft connective tissue, commonly called "fat" - ✔✔adipose tissue Type of anatomy: individual systems of the body - ✔✔Systemic anatomy Directional terms: refers to the positions relative to the median plane - ✔✔medial and lateral Anatomical planes: divides the body into dorsal and ventral parts - ✔✔Dorsal plane A plane that runs the length of the body and divides it into L and R parts, not equal halves - ✔✔Sagittal plane
Directional term: toward the body (extremity) - ✔✔Proximal Body system: central nervous system and peripheral nerves - ✔✔Nervous system
