Pharmacology Exam 2: Questions and Answers, Exams of Nursing

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PENN FOSTER

PHARMACOLOGY EXAM 2

QUESTIONS AND CORRECT

VERIFIED ANSWERS

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UPDATES 2025

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Describe the sequense of events that a drug undergoes from administration to excretion. ANSWER: ✔- a drug is first absorbed or directly placed into the bloodstream. In the blood, the drug may bind with a plasma protein or exist in the free state. The circulating blood distributes the drug to the capillary level, where the drug leaves the circulation and enters the interstitial fluid. The interstitial fluid bathes the cell or bind with surface receptors. The drug then exits the cell or its surface, moves back to interstitial fluid, reenters circulation and then is metabolized in the liver and sent to the kidneys for excretion. List 11 possible routes for administering a drug and discuss the advatages and/or disadvantages of each. ANSWER: ✔- 1. oral route 2. SQ 3.IM 4. IV 5. IP 6. IA, intraarterial 7. IC, intracardiac 8. IM, intramedullary 9. Inhalation 10. topical 11. intradermal List some of the factors that influence drug absorption ANSWER: ✔- 1. method of absorbtion, 2. the ph of the durg and its ionization status, 3. the absorptive surface area, 4. the blood supply to the area, 5. the solubility of the drug, 6. the dosage form, 7. the status of the gi tract 8 interactions with other drugs

Why do many veterinary clinics dispense rather than prescribe most of the drugs that they use? ANSWER: ✔- profit Describe the marketing of animal health products ANSWER: ✔- veterinary pharmaceuticals may be purchased directly from the manufacturer, from distributors, or from generic mail order companies. In some instances drugs may be sold under one label to gradute veterinarians and under another as an over the counter product All FDA approved veterinary drugs are listed in the publication titled ANSWER: ✔- The Green Book What is the purpose of FARAD? ANSWER: ✔- provides resources concerning the avoidance of drug residues in animals Extralabel veterinary drug use was made legal under prescribed circumstances by what act of Congress? ANSWER: ✔- AMDUCA Animal medicinal drug use clarification act

Define compounding ANSWER: ✔- Compounding refers tot he diluting or combining of existing drugs What are the potential danges of residues in animal products ANSWER: ✔- Drug residues in animal products may cause allergic reations or neoplasia in people and they may cause the development of antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria List three class of drug interactions. ANSWER: ✔- pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic and pharmaceutic Drug interaction can be anticipated when giving two drugs both metabilized by the? ANSWER: ✔- Liver Define ethical product ANSWER: ✔- one sold only through veterinarians as a policy of the manufacturer rather than by the FDA requirement

What are the four chemical reactions induced by microsomal enzymes in the liver to biotransform drugs ANSWER: ✔- 1. oxidation (loss of e-) 2. reduction (gain of e-) 3. hydrolysis (splitting of the drug molecule with the addition of a water molecule 4. Conjugation (the addition of glucuronic acid to the drug The kidneys excrete drugs by two principle mechanisms ANSWER: ✔- 1. glomerular filtration 2. tubular secretion 2.1. Name four common drug preparations ANSWER: ✔- oral, parenteral, topical, inhalation 2.2. Boluses are used in the treatment of ________animals and are adminstered with a _______ ANSWER: ✔- large, balling gun 2.3.Name two types of parenteral injection forms ANSWER: ✔- injections, implants

2.4. Vials may be either ______dose or ______dose ANSWER: ✔- single, multi 2.5. All used needles should be discarded in a _________ ANSWER: ✔- sharps container 2.6. Name the five rights of drug administration. ANSWER: ✔- 1. right patient 2. right drug 3. right dose 4. right route 5. right time and frequency 2.7. Oral drugs should never be administered in animals that are __________ ANSWER: ✔- vomiting 2.8. IV administration of drugs allows the most __________and effective drug administration ANSWER: ✔- rapid 2.9. An indwelling catheter should be replaced with a new one every __________hours ANSWER: ✔- 72

4.1.Define the difference between agonist and an opiod antagonist. ANSWER: ✔- an agonist is a drug that combines with a receptor to bring about an action, whereas an antagonist combines with a receptor to block that action. 4.2.define neurotransmitter ANSWER: ✔- a chemical substance released by a nerve ending at the synapse. It acts on the adjacent neuron to stimulate, inhibit, or change its activity. The area of the brain that serves to relay information 4.3.from the spinal cord and brain stem to the interpretation center in the cerebrum is the... ANSWER: ✔- thalamus 4.4.Most CNS drugs act by _______ or ________ the effects of neurotransmitters ANSWER: ✔- interupting the generation or conduction of nerve impulses, interferring with

4.5.What are the primary neurotransmitters for adrenergic receptors? ANSWER: ✔- epinephrine and norepinephrine 4.6. List four primary ways in which drugs affect the ANS ANSWER: ✔- 1. mimicking neurotransmitters 2. interfering with neurotransmitter release 3. blocking the attachment of neurotransmitters to receptors 4. interfering with the breakdown of neurotransmitters 4.7. List five indications for the use of cholinergic agents. ANSWER: ✔- 1. control vomiting 2. treat urinary retention 3. stimulate gi activity 4. treat glaucoma 5. diagnose myasthenia gravis 4.8. Atropine, scopolamine, glycopyrrolate and aminopentamide are examples of what specific drug class? ANSWER: ✔- cholingergic blocking agents - anticholingergic 4.9. What category of drug is used to treat cardiac arrest and anaphylactic shock? ANSWER: ✔- adrenergic - sympathomimetic

4.15. List two narcotic antagonists. ANSWER: ✔- naloxone and nalorphine 4.16. why should glyceryl guaiacolate not be mixed until just before use? ANSWER: ✔- tendancy to precipitate out of soln 4.17.What drug would you administer to a puppy delivered via c-section that was not breathing? ANSWER: ✔- doxapram may be administered on or under the tongue, into the umbilical vein or IM injection. 4.18. Why are euthanasia solutions containing only pentobarbital classified as Class II whereas those containing pentobarbital and other substances are Class III controlled substances ANSWER: ✔- some pentobarbital euthanasia agents have a red dye added to distinguish them from pentobarbital agents used for anesthesia. less potential for abuse because easily identified. 4.19. All psychotherapy drugs are thought to produce their effects by altering _________ in the brain. ANSWER: ✔- neurotransmitter

4.20. Dissociative agents such as ketamine and tiletamine may cause ______ at the injection site. ANSWER: ✔- burning 4.21. A hypnotic (anesthetic) known for its very short duration and white color is_________ ANSWER: ✔- propofol 4.22. An inhibitory neurotransmitter widely distributed in the brain is ANSWER: ✔- GABA 4.23. a benzodiazepine used as an antianxiety medication and as an appetite stimulant in cats is ____________ ANSWER: ✔- diazepam 4.24. An example of a tricyclic antidepressant used in veterinary medicine for seperation anxiety in dogs is ANSWER: ✔- Clomicalm 4.25. _______________ is used to treat old dog dementia ANSWER: ✔- Anipryl

Metoclopramide ANSWER: ✔- direct acting cholingeric. controls vomiting and to promote gastric tract emptying. what are the indirect-acting (anticholinesterase) agents ANSWER: ✔- 1. Edrophonium (Tensilon) 2. Neostigmine (Prostigmine, Stiglyn) 3. Physostigmine (Antilirium, Eserine) 4. Organophosphate compounds5. Demecarium (Humorsol) 6. Pyridostigmine (Mestinon) Edrophonium ANSWER: ✔- Indirect-Acting Cholinergic (Anticholinesterase)Agent. used to diagnose myasthenia gravis Neostigmine ANSWER: ✔- Indirect-Acting Cholinergic (Anticholinesterase)Agent.treat urine retention and GI atony, antidote to neuromuscular blocking agents Physostigmine ANSWER: ✔- Indirect-Acting Cholinergic (Anticholinesterase)Agent.treat urine retention and GI atony, antidote to neuromuscular blocking agents.

Organophosphate compounds ANSWER: ✔- Indirect-Acting Cholinergic (Anticholinesterase)Agent.commonly used as insecticide dips and can result in toxicity. Demecarium ANSWER: ✔- Indirect-Acting Cholinergic (Anticholinesterase)Agent. preventive mangement of glaucoma. Pyridostigmine ANSWER: ✔- Indirect-Acting Cholinergic (Anticholinesterase)Agent. treatment of myasthenia gravis. What are the adverse side effects of cholinergic agents? ANSWER: ✔- bradycardia, hypotension, heart block, lacrimation, diarrhea, vomiting, increased intestinal activity, intestinal rupture, increased bronchial secretions. What are Anticholinergic Agents? ANSWER: ✔- drugs that block the action of acetycholine at muscarinic receptors of the parasympathetic nervous system.

propantheline ANSWER: ✔- anticholinergic. treat diarrhea, urinary incontinence and bradycardia, reduce colonic peristalsis in horses to allow rectal examination. Pralidoxime ANSWER: ✔- A cholinesterase reactivator used to treat organophosphate intoxication. (anticholinergic) What are the adverse side effects of anticholinergic drugs? ANSWER: ✔- they are dose related. can cause drowsiness, disorientation, tachycardia, photophobia, constipation, anxiety, and buring at injection site. What are the Adrenergic (Sypathomimetic) Agents? ANSWER: ✔- bring about action at receptors mediated by epinephrine or norepinephrine. Can be classified as catecholamines or noncatecholamines and receptor types (alpha- 1, alpha-2,beta-1, beta-2. Alpha receptor activity causes an __________ response, except for the GI tract. ANSWER: ✔- excitatory

beta stimulation causes an _______, except for in the heart. ANSWER: ✔- inhibitory What are the clinical uses for adrenergic agents? ANSWER: ✔- 1. stimulate the heart during cardiac arrest. 2. reverse hypotension and bronchoconstriction of anphylactic shock. 3. strengthen the heart during congestive heart failure 4. correct hypotension through vascoconstriction 5. reduce capillary bleeding thru vacoconstriction 6. treat urinary incontinence 7. reduce mucous membrane congestion in allergic conditions. 8. prolong effects of local anesthetic agents by causing vascoconstriction. 9. treat glaucoma Epinephrine ANSWER: ✔- adrenergic agent. stimulate all receptors to cause an increase in heart rate and cardiac output, constriction of blood vessels in muscle, dilation of bronchioles, and increase metabolic rate. Norepinephrine ANSWER: ✔- adrenergic agent. Alpha stimulator with some beta stimulation. vasopressor (raise blood pressure) Isoproternol ANSWER: ✔- adrenergic agent. pure beta stimulator. Bronchodilation.