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PENN FOSTER PHARMACOLOGY EXAM 2
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Describe the sequense of events that a drug undergoes from administration to excretion. ANSWER: โ- a drug is first absorbed or directly placed into the bloodstream. In the blood, the drug may bind with a plasma protein or exist in the free state. The circulating blood distributes the drug to the capillary level, where the drug leaves the circulation and enters the interstitial fluid. The interstitial fluid bathes the cell or bind with surface receptors. The drug then exits the cell or its surface, moves back to interstitial fluid, reenters circulation and then is metabolized in the liver and sent to the kidneys for excretion. List 11 possible routes for administering a drug and discuss the advatages and/or disadvantages of each. ANSWER: โ- 1. oral route 2. SQ 3.IM 4. IV 5. IP 6. IA, intraarterial 7. IC, intracardiac 8. IM, intramedullary 9. Inhalation 10. topical 11. intradermal List some of the factors that influence drug absorption ANSWER: โ- 1. method of absorbtion, 2. the ph of the durg and its ionization status, 3. the
absorptive surface area, 4. the blood supply to the area, 5. the solubility of the drug, 6. the dosage form, 7. the status of the gi tract 8 interactions with other drugs Most biotransformation of drugs occurs in where? ANSWER: โ- liver Must durg excretion occurs via? ANSWER: โ- kidneys Drugs usually produce their effects by combining with specific cellular ANSWER: โ- receptors The drug name that is chosen by the manufacturer and that is the exclusive property of that company is called ANSWER: โ- proprietary/trade What are six items that must be on a drug label? ANSWER: โ- 1.drug names 2.drug concentration 3.name and address of the manufacturerer 4.controlled substance status 5.manufacturer's control or lot number 6. expiration date
Extralabel veterinary drug use was made legal under prescribed circumstances by what act of Congress? ANSWER: โ- AMDUCA Animal medicinal drug use clarification act Define compounding ANSWER: โ- Compounding refers tot he diluting or combining of existing drugs What are the potential danges of residues in animal products ANSWER: โ- Drug residues in animal products may cause allergic reations or neoplasia in people and they may cause the development of antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria List three class of drug interactions. ANSWER: โ- pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic and pharmaceutic Drug interaction can be anticipated when giving two drugs both metabilized by the? ANSWER: โ- Liver
Define ethical product ANSWER: โ- one sold only through veterinarians as a policy of the manufacturer rather than by the FDA requirement Once a drug has been biotransformed it is called a: ANSWER: โ- metabolite Pharmacodynamics ANSWER: โ- the action or effect on one drug is altered by another (antagonistic, additive, and synergistic) pharmacokinetic ANSWER: โ- plasma or tissue levels of the durg are altered by the presense of another (drug interaction) pharmaceutic ANSWER: โ- physical or chemical reactions take place as a result of mixing drugs in a syringe or other container. bioavailability ANSWER: โ- the degree to which a drug is absorbed and reaches the general circulation
2.3.Name two types of parenteral injection forms ANSWER: โ- injections, implants 2.4. Vials may be either ______dose or ______dose ANSWER: โ- single, multi 2.5. All used needles should be discarded in a _________ ANSWER: โ- sharps container 2.6. Name the five rights of drug administration. ANSWER: โ- 1. right patient 2. right drug 3. right dose 4. right route 5. right time and frequency 2.7. Oral drugs should never be administered in animals that are __________ ANSWER: โ- vomiting 2.8. IV administration of drugs allows the most __________and effective drug administration ANSWER: โ- rapid
2.9. An indwelling catheter should be replaced with a new one every __________hours ANSWER: โ- 72 2.10. A simplex (gravity set) IV system is used to administer fluids to ________ animals ANSWER: โ- large 2.11. Name six items that should be recorded in the controlled substance log ANSWER: โ- 1. patient name 2. owner name 3. name of person administering
- amount dispensed 5. date 2.12. Why should drugs give by injection not be stored in syringes for any length of time before administration? ANSWER: โ- drug interaction with plastic, it may absorb the drug, making it less potent 2.13. List four types of syring tips ANSWER: โ- 1. slip tip 2. luer lock 3. catheter tip 4. eccentric 2.14. A tuberculin syringe holds up to _________ ml of medication ANSWER: โ- 1 ml
4.4.Most CNS drugs act by _______ or ________ the effects of neurotransmitters ANSWER: โ- interupting the generation or conduction of nerve impulses, interferring with 4.5.What are the primary neurotransmitters for adrenergic receptors? ANSWER: โ- epinephrine and norepinephrine 4.6. List four primary ways in which drugs affect the ANS ANSWER: โ- 1. mimicking neurotransmitters 2. interfering with neurotransmitter release 3. blocking the attachment of neurotransmitters to receptors 4. interfering with the breakdown of neurotransmitters 4.7. List five indications for the use of cholinergic agents. ANSWER: โ- 1. control vomiting 2. treat urinary retention 3. stimulate gi activity 4. treat glaucoma 5. diagnose myasthenia gravis 4.8. Atropine, scopolamine, glycopyrrolate and aminopentamide are examples of what specific drug class? ANSWER: โ- cholingergic blocking agents - anticholingergic
4.9. What category of drug is used to treat cardiac arrest and anaphylactic shock? ANSWER: โ- adrenergic - sympathomimetic 4.10. Propranolol is an example of waht category of drug? ANSWER: โ- beta blocker 4.11. What are some adverse side effects of xylazine, and what drug may be used to antagonize it effects? ANSWER: โ- Bradycardia and hypotension may be antagonized by using atropine; respiratory depression or excessive CNS depression may be antagonized by using yohimbine. 4.12.Why would you be concerned about using a thiobarbiturate to induce anesthesia in a very thin dog? ANSWER: โ- Thiobarbiturates are very soluble in fat, so thin animals don't absorb as much and more remains in the bloodstream and may cause excessive depression of the CNS.
agents have a red dye added to distinguish them from pentobarbital agents used for anesthesia. less potential for abuse because easily identified. 4.19. All psychotherapy drugs are thought to produce their effects by altering _________ in the brain. ANSWER: โ- neurotransmitter 4.20. Dissociative agents such as ketamine and tiletamine may cause ______ at the injection site. ANSWER: โ- burning 4.21. A hypnotic (anesthetic) known for its very short duration and white color is_________ ANSWER: โ- propofol 4.22. An inhibitory neurotransmitter widely distributed in the brain is ANSWER: โ- GABA 4.23. a benzodiazepine used as an antianxiety medication and as an appetite stimulant in cats is ____________ ANSWER: โ- diazepam
4.24. An example of a tricyclic antidepressant used in veterinary medicine for seperation anxiety in dogs is ANSWER: โ- Clomicalm 4.25. _______________ is used to treat old dog dementia ANSWER: โ- Anipryl What do cholingergic agents do? ANSWER: โ- 1. diagnose myasthenia gravis 2. reduce intraocular pressure of glaucoma. 3. stimulate GI motility 4. Treat urinary retention 5. Control vomiting 6. antidote for neuromuscular blockers What are the direct acting cholinergics ANSWER: โ- 1. acetycholine 2. carbamylcholine 3. bethanechol 4. Pilocarpine 5. Metoclopramide Acetylcholine ANSWER: โ- seldom used since it is broken down by acetylcholinesterase Carbamylcholine ANSWER: โ- treat atony of the GI tract and to stimulate uterine contractions in swine
Neostigmine ANSWER: โ- Indirect-Acting Cholinergic (Anticholinesterase)Agent.treat urine retention and GI atony, antidote to neuromuscular blocking agents Physostigmine ANSWER: โ- Indirect-Acting Cholinergic (Anticholinesterase)Agent.treat urine retention and GI atony, antidote to neuromuscular blocking agents. Organophosphate compounds ANSWER: โ- Indirect-Acting Cholinergic (Anticholinesterase)Agent.commonly used as insecticide dips and can result in toxicity. Demecarium ANSWER: โ- Indirect-Acting Cholinergic (Anticholinesterase)Agent. preventive mangement of glaucoma. Pyridostigmine ANSWER: โ- Indirect-Acting Cholinergic (Anticholinesterase)Agent. treatment of myasthenia gravis.
What are the adverse side effects of cholinergic agents? ANSWER: โ- bradycardia, hypotension, heart block, lacrimation, diarrhea, vomiting, increased intestinal activity, intestinal rupture, increased bronchial secretions. What are Anticholinergic Agents? ANSWER: โ- drugs that block the action of acetycholine at muscarinic receptors of the parasympathetic nervous system. What are the clinical uses of anticholinergic agents? ANSWER: โ- 1. Treatment of diarrhea and vomiting by decreasing GI motility. 2. preanesthetic to dry secretions and prevent bradycardia. 3. dilate pupils 4. relieve ciliary spasm of the eye 5. treat sinus bradycardia Atropine ANSWER: โ- anticholinergic. preanethetic to dry secretions and prevent bradycardia, antidote to organophosphate poisoning, dilate pupils, slow hypermotile gut Scopolamine ANSWER: โ- anticholinergic. antidiarrheal medication
What are the Adrenergic (Sypathomimetic) Agents? ANSWER: โ- bring about action at receptors mediated by epinephrine or norepinephrine. Can be classified as catecholamines or noncatecholamines and receptor types (alpha- 1, alpha-2,beta-1, beta-2. Alpha receptor activity causes an __________ response, except for the GI tract. ANSWER: โ- excitatory beta stimulation causes an _______, except for in the heart. ANSWER: โ- inhibitory What are the clinical uses for adrenergic agents? ANSWER: โ- 1. stimulate the heart during cardiac arrest. 2. reverse hypotension and bronchoconstriction of anphylactic shock. 3. strengthen the heart during congestive heart failure 4. correct hypotension through vascoconstriction 5. reduce capillary bleeding thru vacoconstriction 6. treat urinary incontinence 7. reduce mucous membrane congestion in allergic conditions. 8. prolong effects of local anesthetic agents by causing vascoconstriction. 9. treat glaucoma
Epinephrine ANSWER: โ- adrenergic agent. stimulate all receptors to cause an increase in heart rate and cardiac output, constriction of blood vessels in muscle, dilation of bronchioles, and increase metabolic rate. Norepinephrine ANSWER: โ- adrenergic agent. Alpha stimulator with some beta stimulation. vasopressor (raise blood pressure) Isoproternol ANSWER: โ- adrenergic agent. pure beta stimulator. Bronchodilation. Phenylephrine ANSWER: โ- adrenergic agent. alpha stimulator, nasal vasoconstrictor Dopamine ANSWER: โ- adrenergic agent. precurser to epinephrine/norepinephrine. Dose dependent action, treat shock and CHF, increase renal perfursion. Phenylpropanolamine ANSWER: โ- adrenergic agent. PPA to treat urinary incontinence
