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PENN FOSTER VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY
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What type of fluid (tonicity) should not be given subcutaneously? - ANSWER Hypertonic Give an example of a balanced solution and an example of an unbalanced solution - ANSWER Lactated ringers- balanced Saline- unbalanced ______ is a determination of the osmotic pressure of a solution based on the relative number of solute particles in 1 kg of the solution - ANSWER Osmolality the osmolality of dog and cat serum is approximately _____ mOsm/L - ANSWER 300 Commercial fluids with an osmolality of 300 mOsm/L are _____ - ANSWER isotonic How often should an IV catheter be flushed? - ANSWER every 8 to 12 hours
What is the longest time an IV catheter should remain in place before it is replaced? - ANSWER 96 hours What precaution should be observed when fluids are administered subcutaneously? - ANSWER avoid hypertonic or irritating solutions. avoid placing so much fluid at once site that the skin is dissected from it's blood supply, causing a slough of tissue. What fluid can be used to bath tissues during surgery to prevent them from dyring out? - ANSWER Saline (0.9% sodium chloride) Any product that contains the electrolyte _____ should be given by slow IV administration to prevent cardiac complications. - ANSWER calcium Water represents _____% to _____% of the total body weight in adult animals. - ANSWER 50 to 70 Hyperkalemia is an excess of ___ in the blood. - ANSWER K _______ is decreased body pH caused by excess hydrogen ions in the extracellular fluid - ANSWER Metabolic acidosis
c. are unable to hold fluid in vascular space d. are able to hold fluid in the vascular space. - ANSWER are unable to hold fluid in vascular space Scours is a medical term that is used to describe diarrhea in what species? - ANSWER Bovines Vitamin A is an organic alcohol that is converted from plant substances called carotenoids in the intestine and liver and is stored primarily in the ____. It is needed for proper growth and maintenance of surface epithelium, for proper bone growth, and for maintenance of visual pigments in the retina.
- ANSWER Liver Anemia in baby pigs can be treated by the administration of - ANSWER Iron compounds A 10-year old cocker spaniel is brought in to the vet clinic with polyuria/polydipsia and mile anemia. What is a potential cause of these signs and what may be used to treat the anemia? - ANSWER Chronic renal failure, erythropoietin Why are hematinics not indicated for cases of acute blood loss? - ANSWER Because a patients response to hematinics does not occur quickly enough.
What is the anticoagulant of choice for collecting blood for hematologic studies. - ANSWER EDTA how can you explain the fact that clots may form in the vascular system with no external trauma to blood vesels - ANSWER because of the existence of an intrinsic clotting mechanism You have accidentally cut the quick of a Rottweiler puppy's nail. What would you use to stop the bleeding, and how does this agent work? - ANSWER Silver nitrate stick, trough coagulation of blood proteins A 3-month-old Chow is brought in to the ER for eating a box of rat poison. What drug would the veterinarian use to treat this condition and by what route would it be administered? - ANSWER Vitamin K, SQ or IM An 8-year old male Persian cat is brought in to the clinic with an early onset of apparent rear leg paralysis and tachycardia. What agent may be used to treat this condition? - ANSWER A fibronolytic agent such as streptokinase
Why should you be careful to avoid extravasation of antineoplastic drugs? - ANSWER Because most are very irritating to tissue and may cause sloughing List 8 precautions that should be taken when antineoplastic drugs are handled - ANSWER Designate a specific location for handling. Wear nonpermeable latex gloves when handling. Cover work surfaces with a disposable, plastic- backed sheet. Wear an appropriate laboratory coat and mask. Reconstitute all materials carefully to avoid aerosolization. Clean reconstituted material of any contamination, and properly mark and date it. Dispose of contaminated material in leak-proof, puncture-resistant containers. Wash hands thoroughly. Where in the body is erythropoietin produced? - ANSWER Kidneys What drug may be used to treat the anemia associated with chronic renal failure? - ANSWER Epogen (erythropoietin) _____ digest fibrin threats and other clotting products to cause clot lysis and the release of fibrin degradation products into the circulation. - ANSWER Plasmin
Which anticoagulant may be used to treat DIC? - ANSWER Heparin why should heparin not be used as an anticoagulant when blood is collected for the performance of a differential count? - ANSWER It may distort white blood cells making identification difficult How does EDTA work as an anticoagulant? - ANSWER It chelates (binds with) calcium What are some potential adverse effects associated with the effects of antineoplastic drugs? - ANSWER naphylactic reactions, immunosuppression, vomiting, diarrhea, hair loss, cystitis, pain associated with administration, and tissue damage from extravasation On what dosage are most antineoplastic agents based? - ANSWER Corticosteroids have a lympholytic action, which makes them useful for treating _____ - ANSWER Lymphoid neoplasia A substance with antitumor, antiviral, and immunoregulatory effects is _____ - ANSWER interferon
A heparin flush solution may be prepared by diluting heparin in saline at a concentration of _____ - ANSWER 5 U/ml heparin test tubes have a ____ top - ANSWER green Vitamin ____ is an antidote for warfarin or dicoumarol toxicity - ANSWER K _____ is the anticoagulant of choice when a WBC differential is performed. - ANSWER EDTA Fluorouracil is contraindicated in _____ because of adverse side effects. - ANSWER felines Immunizations should never take the place of regularly scheduled - ANSWER Routine checkups What six factors may determine an animal's response to immunization? - ANSWER health/age, type of vaccine administered, route of administration, concurrent incubation of infectious disease, exposure to an infectious disease before immunity is reached, dug therapy.
What is an inactivated vaccine? - ANSWER has organisms commonly treated by chemicals to kill the organism, but very little change occurs in the antigens that stimulate protective immunity. What is a live vaccine? - ANSWER A live vaccine is prepared from live microorganisms or viruses. What is a toxoid? - ANSWER a vaccine used in producing immunity to a toxin rather than to a bacterium or virus. what is an antitoxin? - ANSWER a specific antiserum aimed against a toxin that contains a concentration of antibodies extracted from blood plasma of a hyperimmunized, healthy animal (usually a horse). When a shipment of vaccine arrives at a veterinary facility, what should occur immediately? - ANSWER Contents should be unpacked and placed in refrigerator What is immunotherapy? - ANSWER Using drugs to stimulate the body's immune response to disease _____ is a complex carbohydrate derived from aloe vera? - ANSWER acemannan
to the body via inoculation they cause an immune response. - ANSWER modified live A(n) ______ vaccine is a specific antiserum aimed at a toxin that contains a concentration of antibodies extracted from the blood serum or plasma of a hyperimmunized animal. (usually a horse) - ANSWER antitoxin Most vaccines for small animals are most commonly administered by what route? - ANSWER intramuscular and subcutaneous List the signs of Anaphylaxis except - ANSWER Vomiting, Salivation, dyspnea Bordetella bronchiseptica is a vaccine administered to - ANSWER dogs, cats Borrelia burgdorferi is an example of a _____vaccine - ANSWER Recombinant A 2 year old beagle has clinical signs of lead toxicity and a history to support the diagnosis. Which agent would be the drug of choice for treating this condition? - ANSWER Calcium EDTA
A client calls and says that she has been giving her cat Tylenol for a limp. Now the cat is breathing fast, its face is swollen, and it is not active. You should tell the client to _____ - ANSWER Bring the cat to the hospital to start treatment with acetylcysteine. Yohimbine HCL is a reversal agent for ____ - ANSWER Rompun Penicillamine should be administered_____ - ANSWER on an empty stomach Name four drugs that naloxone effectively reverses. - ANSWER oxymorphone, torbugesic, talwin-V dn Nubain BAL has been administered to a 4-year-old Mixed-breed dog for arsenic poisoning. Which laboratory test should be monitored closely. - ANSWER BUN Glycosaminoglycans occur naturally in what part(s) of the body? - ANSWER articular cartilage and connective tissue
what is activated charcoal used for? - ANSWER To prevent or reduce the systemic absorption of ingested drugs or toxins In vet med, calcium EDTA is used primarily for the treatment of _____ - ANSWER Lead Poisoning Petroleum jelly is not recommended as a lubricant because it is not _____ - ANSWER Water-Soluble _____ is a narcotic antagonist used for the treatment, prevention, or control of narcotic depression. - ANSWER Naloxone Flumazenil is used to reverse the effects of _____ - ANSWER Benzodiazepines A dietary supplement for the support of normal structure and function of the liver is ____ - ANSWER S- adenosylmethionine Grain alcohol may be used to treat what poisoning? - ANSWER Ethylene glycol (antifreeze)
Echinacea may be used concurrently via the intraarticular route to prevent infection resulting from possible contamination. T/F - ANSWER False Activated charcoal is effective in removing lead from the body. T/F - ANSWER False, it does not absorb heavy metals After activated charcoal is administered, no other oral therapeutic agents should be administered within 3 hours T/F - ANSWER True It is permissible to use calcium EDTA in anuric patients T/F - ANSWER False Calcium EDTA can be administered orally. T/F - ANSWER False Methylene blue should not be used in cats T/F - ANSWER True Ethanol is an alcohol that is a competitive inhibitor of ethylene glycol metabolism T/F - ANSWER True
What is turnover? - ANSWER The number of times a product is used and replenished each year Name two objectives of an inventory control system. - ANSWER Make sure items are on hand when needed and minmize the expense of keeping items in stock What is a packing slip? - ANSWER found in the carton in which freight is shipped. It documents how many of each item is shipped. It may or may not include the prices of the item(s), although most commonly it does not. What is an invoice? - ANSWER An invoice is documentation of an order shipped to the veterinary hospital. It may or may not accompany the packing slip in the shipping carton. What is a statement? - ANSWER A statement is most commonly mailed to the veterinary practice. It documents the items received by the hospital and the amount due on account. Commonly, it must be paid within 30 days so that no late fees are incurred by the business. What is the reorder point? - ANSWER The point at which a product is allowed to be sold or used in-house before new product is ordered
Why is recording the expiration date and serial number for rabies vaccine so important? - ANSWER This number is included on the rabies certificate given to the client; also, rabies is a zoonotic disease, and the veterinarian must account for the expiration date of the vaccine and the serial number. Once the reorder point is reached, a basic rule of thumb is to order a ______-month supply. - ANSWER 1 list some rules for filling out a DEA form - ANSWER All information on the form must be correct, no cross outs are allowed, no liquid correction fluid or tape can be used, must have correct spelling, must have correct drug strength, and must have the veterinarian's signature on the form. Time=Money T/F - ANSWER True A mean turnover rate of ____ is acceptable for most veterinary practices - ANSWER 8 Inventory should be placed on pharmacy shelves in such a way as to ensure ____ - ANSWER FIFO
