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Pharmacology Basic Concepts &
Processes
Pharmacotherapeutics - ANS>Drugs used for treatment, prevention, and diagnosis of disease (clinical pharmacology) Pharmacokinetics - ANS>Study of movement of drugs in body by absorption, distribution, metabolism (biotransformation), and excretion. Passive diffusion - ANS>Movement from high to low concentration Facilitated diffusion - ANS>Drug molecules must combine with a carrier substance (enzyme or other protein) Active transport - ANS>Movement from low to high concentration; requires energy and carrier substance Absorption - ANS>Process between time drug enters body and time it enters bloodstream Distribution - ANS>Transport of molecules within body
Metabolism - ANS>Method by which drugs are inactivated or biotransformed by body Excretion - ANS>Elimination of drug from body Serum half life - ANS>Time for serum concentration to ecrease by half Pharmacodynamics - ANS>Interactions between chemical components of living tissues/systems and foreign chemicals Dose - ANS>Amount of drug to be given at one time Dosage - ANS>Frequency, number, and size of dose; major determinant of drug action and response (therapeutic and adverse) Toxic dose - ANS>Dose of drug having damaging/harmful effects or producing S&S of toxicity Lethal dose - ANS>Dose of drug that causes death Route of administration - ANS>Method the drug is administered
Antagonist - ANS>Inhibit cell function by occupying receptor sites Pharmacogenetics - ANS>Genetic related variability Pharmacoanthropology - ANS>Racial/ethnic differences in responses to drugs Adverse effects - ANS>Side effects; undesirable secondary effects besides effects drug is given for Therapeutic effects - ANS>Have desired/good effects Toxic effects - ANS>Poisonous effects can cause damage/harm to body Hepatotoxicity - ANS>Harmful effects to liver Nephrotoxicity - ANS>Harmful effects to kidneys Ototoxicity - ANS>Harmful effects to ears Hypersensitivity - ANS>Allergic reaction; allergies to drugs occur when body is previously exposed and sensitized to particular drug
Drug fever - ANS>Associated with administration of drug; usually because of allergic reaction but can be caused by damaging tissues, high body heat, and interference with dissipation. Idiosyncrasy - ANS>Unexpected reaction to drug given first time; genetics that alter metabolism of enzymes Anaphylactic reaction - ANS>Severe, life threatening reaction occurs immediately after administration; throat closes up, difficulty breathing. Drug dependence - ANS>Need/ strong desire for specific drug, not able to function without it; psychologically or physiologically. Carcinogenicity - ANS>Ability of drug/substance to cause cancer; drug induced alterations of DNA Teratogenicity - ANS>Ability of drug/substance to cause abnormal fetal development when given to pregnant women Tolerance - ANS>Body becomes used to drug, must be given in larger doses
Indications - ANS>Recommended use for drug Contraindications - ANS>Conditions that make administration of drug undesirable/improper Precautions - ANS>Special conditions that increase level of risk for drug must be considered for safe use Incompatibility - ANS>Inability to be mixed without causing harmful/life threatening effects Loading dose - ANS>Large initial dose given to to rapidly reach therapeutic levels Maintenance dose - ANS>Small, continuous dose that maintains therapeutic levels Cumulative effects - ANS>Action of doses of drugs that are not eliminated effectively and accumulate in system; can produce toxicity.
