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Carrington College Phoenix
NUR140 Pharmacology 1 Exam
Course Title and Number: NUR140 Pharmacology 1 Exam Title: Exam 1 Exam Date: [Insert Exam Date] Instructor: [Insert Instructor’s Name] Student Name: [Insert Student’s Name] Student ID: [Insert Student ID]
Examination
90 minutes
Instructions:
**1. Read each question carefully.
- Answer all questions.
- Use the provided answer sheet to mark your** **responses.
- Ensure all answers are final before submitting the** exam. Good Luck!
NUR140 Pharmacology 1 Exam
1 Study Guide Exam Questions
and Answers and Rationales
NUR140 Pharmacology 1 Exam 1 Terminology Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics Biotransformation Idiosyncratic reaction Synergistic effect Hypertonic Isotonic Hypotonic Part 1: Multiple Choice (Choose the best answer)
- Pharmacokinetics involves all of the following processes except : o a) Absorption o b) Distribution o c) Metabolism o d) Drug-receptor interaction Answer: d) Drug-receptor interaction Explanation: Pharmacokinetics refers to how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes, and excretes a drug. Drug-receptor interaction is part of pharmacodynamics.
- Which of the following factors most significantly affects drug absorption in the gastrointestinal tract? o a) Blood flow to the liver o b) Surface area of the small intestine
Part 3: Fill in the Blank
- A rare and unexpected response to a drug, unrelated to its intended action, is known as an idiosyncratic reaction. Answer: idiosyncratic reaction Explanation: This refers to an unusual or abnormal drug reaction, often caused by genetic factors.
- A solution that has a higher concentration of solutes than the cell’s cytoplasm is termed hypertonic. Answer: hypertonic Explanation: In a hypertonic solution, water will move out of the cell, causing it to shrink. Part 4: Short Answer
- Explain the difference between isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions and their effects on a cell. Answer: o Isotonic solutions have equal solute concentration compared to the cell’s cytoplasm, so there’s no net movement of water, and the cell maintains its shape. o Hypotonic solutions have a lower solute concentration than the cytoplasm, leading water to move into the cell, causing it to swell and potentially burst. o Hypertonic solutions have a higher solute concentration, which causes water to leave the cell, resulting in cell shrinkage (crenation). Part 5: Case Study
- A 50-year-old patient is receiving two drugs simultaneously for hypertension. After the first week of treatment, the patient's blood pressure decreases significantly more than expected. This response is an example of a: o a) Antagonistic effect o b) Synergistic effect o c) Tolerance o d) Hypersensitivity Answer: b) Synergistic effect Explanation: The two drugs working together produce a greater effect than either would alone. Part 5: Case Study
- A patient with a history of liver disease is prescribed a medication that is primarily eliminated through biotransformation in the liver. Which of the following considerations is most important for the nurse to keep in mind? a) The patient may require a lower dosage to prevent drug accumulation b) The patient should be advised to increase fluid intake c) Monitor for signs of hypoglycemia d) The patient should avoid high-fiber foods Answer: a) The patient may require a lower dosage to prevent drug accumulation Explanation: In patients with liver disease, the liver’s ability to metabolize (biotransform) medications is impaired. This can lead to decreased clearance of the drug, resulting in higher plasma levels and potential toxicity. Therefore, a lower dosage may be necessary
solute concentration as the cell, resulting in no net movement of water, so cells neither swell nor shrink. Part 3: Fill in the Blank
- A solution with a lower concentration of solutes compared to the cell's interior is called a ________ solution. Answer: hypotonic Explanation: In a hypotonic solution, water moves into the cell, potentially causing it to swell. Part 4: Short Answer
- Describe the primary difference between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Answer: o Pharmacokinetics involves the study of how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes, and excretes drugs (what the body does to the drug). o Pharmacodynamics focuses on the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action (what the drug does to the body). Part 5: Case Study (Continued)
- A 45-year-old male is given two medications that, when taken together, cause a significantly
reduced therapeutic effect compared to when taken separately. This interaction is referred to as: a) Antagonistic effect b) Synergistic effect c) Idiosyncratic reaction d) Potentiation Answer: a) Antagonistic effect Explanation: An antagonistic effect occurs when two drugs taken together have a lesser effect than when taken individually, as one drug reduces or opposes the effect of the other. Part 1: Multiple Choice
- Which of the following best describes a hypotonic solution? a) The solution has a higher concentration of solutes compared to the intracellular fluid b) The solution has the same concentration of solutes as the intracellular fluid c) The solution has a lower concentration of solutes compared to the intracellular fluid d) The solution increases blood pressure Answer: c) The solution has a lower concentration of solutes compared to the intracellular fluid Explanation: A hypotonic solution contains fewer solutes than inside the cell, causing water to flow into the cell, leading to swelling.
- Which of the following is not a primary component of pharmacokinetics?
- A patient is given a hypertonic intravenous (IV) solution. What is the likely effect on the patient's cells? a) The cells will swell and burst b) The cells will shrink c) The cells will remain the same size d) The solution will have no effect on the cells Answer: b) The cells will shrink Explanation: In a hypertonic solution, water will move out of the cells to balance the solute concentration, causing the cells to shrink (crenate). Part 4: Short Answer
- What is the primary difference between an idiosyncratic reaction and an allergic reaction to a drug? Answer: An idiosyncratic reaction is an unpredictable and abnormal response to a drug that occurs in a small percentage of individuals and is often due to genetic factors. An allergic reaction is an immune-mediated response to a drug that typically results in symptoms such as hives, itching, and anaphylaxis. Allergic reactions are predictable in individuals with drug sensitivities and involve immune system activation. Part 1: Multiple Choice
- Which of the following solutions is considered isotonic to human cells? a) 0.45% NaCl b) 5% dextrose in water c) 0.9% NaCl (Normal Saline) d) 3% NaCl Answer: c) 0.9% NaCl (Normal Saline) Explanation: 0.9% NaCl solution is isotonic to human cells, meaning it has the same concentration of solutes as the intracellular fluid, resulting in no net movement of water. Part 1: Multiple Choice
- A patient develops an unusually strong response to a standard dose of a medication. This response is most likely due to: a) Drug tolerance b) Idiosyncratic reaction c) Therapeutic index d) Synergistic effect Answer: b) Idiosyncratic reaction Explanation: An idiosyncratic reaction is an abnormal and unexpected response to a drug that occurs in a small number of individuals and is not related to the dose.
- A drug with a narrow therapeutic index : a) Has a small difference between its effective and toxic doses
Explanation: Synergism happens when the combined effect of two drugs is greater than the sum of their effects when used individually.
- The rate at which a drug is removed from the body is described as its ________. Answer: clearance Explanation: Clearance is the rate at which a drug is eliminated from the body, often through the kidneys or liver. Part 5: Case Study
- A patient is prescribed both a beta-blocker and a calcium channel blocker to control hypertension. After several days, the patient experiences bradycardia and dizziness. This response is most likely due to: a) Synergistic effect b) Idiosyncratic reaction c) Antagonistic effect d) Hypersensitivity Answer: a) Synergistic effect Explanation: Beta-blockers and calcium channel blockers both lower heart rate and blood pressure, so their combined effect may be greater than when used individually, leading to bradycardia and dizziness. Part 1: Multiple Choice
- Biotransformation of drugs primarily occurs in which organ?
a) Kidneys b) Liver c) Lungs d) Stomach Answer: b) Liver Explanation: The liver is the primary site for drug metabolism, where biotransformation converts drugs into more water-soluble compounds for excretion. Part 2: True or False
- A hypertonic solution has a higher solute concentration than the fluid inside the cells, leading to water moving out of the cells and causing them to shrink. Answer: True Explanation: In a hypertonic solution, water moves out of cells to balance the solute concentration, causing the cells to shrink (crenation).
- Isotonic solutions have no net effect on the size or shape of cells when administered intravenously. Answer: True Explanation: Isotonic solutions have the same solute concentration as the intracellular fluid, resulting in no net movement of water across the cell membrane. Part 4: Short Answer
- Explain why patients with liver disease often require lower doses of medications.
Community Acquired Infections (such as MRSA) Antibiotic therapy treatment for and side effects as well as nursing considerations Penicillin Vancomycin Tetracycline Sulfonamide indication Cephalosporin reaction Aminoglycoside adverse effects Antivirals Treatment Only one question from Chapter 40 How do Viruses enter the body? Albumin adverse reaction Blood Transfusion and adverse reactions to monitor Signs and Symptoms of Hyponatremia & Hypernatremia Signs and Symptoms of Hyperkalemia & Hypokalemia Part 1: Multiple Choice
- Which of the following is the correct sequence of the Five Steps of the Nursing Process? o a) Assessment, Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, Evaluation
o b) Diagnosis, Planning, Assessment, Implementation, Evaluation o c) Planning, Assessment, Diagnosis, Implementation, Evaluation o d) Evaluation, Diagnosis, Assessment, Planning, Implementation Answer: a) Assessment, Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, Evaluation Explanation: This sequence represents the standard nursing process framework for patient care.
- What is the main difference between subjective and objective data in the assessment phase? o a) Subjective data are measurable, objective data are not o b) Subjective data come from the patient, objective data are observable and measurable o c) Objective data are provided by the family, subjective data come from tests o d) Both subjective and objective data are obtained from diagnostic tests Answer: b) Subjective data come from the patient, objective data are observable and measurable Explanation: Subjective data include what the patient reports, such as pain. Objective data are measurable signs like temperature or blood pressure.
- Which method is most appropriate when providing medication to pediatric patients? o a) Use a standard adult dose
about the patient’s current medications is maintained.
- MRSA is an example of a community-acquired infection. Answer: True Explanation: MRSA can be acquired in community settings and is resistant to many antibiotics, making it challenging to treat. Part 3: Fill in the Blank
- Penicillin is commonly used to treat bacterial infections, but a common side effect is ____________. Answer: Allergic reaction, including rash and anaphylaxis Explanation: Penicillin can cause allergic reactions in some individuals, which may range from mild rashes to severe anaphylactic shock.
- A serious side effect of vancomycin is ___________, which requires monitoring of drug levels. Answer: Nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity Explanation: Vancomycin can damage the kidneys and ears, so therapeutic drug monitoring is necessary to avoid toxicity.
- Sulfonamides are indicated for treating infections like urinary tract infections, but they can cause ____________ as a serious adverse effect. Answer: Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Explanation: Sulfonamides can trigger severe skin reactions such as Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, requiring immediate medical attention. Part 4: Short Answer
- What are the nursing considerations when administering tetracycline to patients? Answer: Avoid administration to children under 8 years old due to potential tooth discoloration. Instruct patients to avoid dairy products and antacids, as these can decrease the absorption of tetracycline. Advise patients to wear sunscreen and protective clothing as tetracycline increases photosensitivity.
- List common adverse reactions associated with cephalosporins. Answer: Allergic reactions, including cross-reactivity in patients allergic to penicillin. Gastrointestinal upset, including nausea and diarrhea. Risk of superinfection, particularly Clostridioides difficile (C. diff). Part 5: Case Study
