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Pharmacology: Patient-Centered
Nursing Process Approach Exam 2024-
2 mg of atropine sulfate - answers>>Dosage given to a patient 30 minutes prior to anesthesia induction. 700 mL of urine - answers>>Amount of urine noted in the urinary catheter bag of a patient who received atropine sulfate. 72 hours - answers>>Duration for changing scopolamine patch. 800 mL - answers>>Amount of urine indicating successful bethanechol effect. 800 mL urine output - answers>>Indicates effective response to bethanechol. Absent bowel sounds - answers>>Could signal gastric paresis and/or the beginning of paralytic ileus; a reason to hold administration of Detrol. Acetylcholine - answers>>A neurotransmitter that may be in excess in Alzheimer disease and is involved in the imbalance seen in Parkinson disease. Acetylcholine (ACh) - answers>>Neurotransmitter involved in muscle contraction. Active ingredient in OTC sleeping aids - answers>>The primary ingredient in OTC sleep aids is typically an antihistamine such as diphenhydramine. Acute Attack - answers>>Sudden worsening of MS symptoms. Adrenergic neuron antagonist - answers>>Blocks norepinephrine release to lower blood pressure. Adverse effects - answers>>Unwanted side effects from medication use. Adverse reaction - answers>>Unintended, harmful response to medication. Adverse reactions - answers>>Potential harmful effects of medications. Advice for patients taking benzodiazepines - answers>>Avoid alcohol while taking this drug. Albuterol - answers>>Bronchodilator that may increase heart rate.
Albuterol (Proventil) - answers>>An inhaler used to treat asthma that may cause an increase in heart rate, necessitating monitoring of rapid or irregular heart rates. Albuterol overuse - answers>>The condition that may cause increased heart rate, tremors, and restlessness in asthma patients due to excessive use of albuterol. Alcohol consumption before bedtime - answers>>Patients should not consume alcohol 6 hours before bedtime. Alzheimer disease - answers>>Involves a possible excess of acetylcholine and neuritic plaques. Alzheimer's disease (AD) - answers>>Chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting memory. Amantadine - answers>>An antiviral drug that acts on dopamine receptors and is sometimes used to treat Parkinson disease. Amphetamine - answers>>Stimulant used to treat ADHD symptoms. Anesthesia induction - answers>>The process of initiating anesthesia, which can be affected by the patient's prior substance use. Anorexiants - answers>>Weight loss medications not for children under 12. Antacids and phenytoin interaction - answers>>Antacids can decrease the effects of phenytoin by inhibiting its absorption. Anticholinergic - answers>>Drug class that blocks acetylcholine effects. Anticholinergic medications - answers>>Medications that block the action of acetylcholine, often used to reduce secretions during surgery. Anticonvulsant medication - answers>>Medication prescribed to prevent seizures, often required for a patient's lifetime. Anticonvulsant teratogenicity - answers>>Risk of birth defects from seizure medications. Apnea - answers>>Temporary cessation of breathing, treatable with caffeine. Assessment - answers>>Process of evaluating a patient's condition. Atenolol - answers>>Beta blocker associated with fatigue and weakness. Atenolol (Tenormin) - answers>>A beta blocker used for hypertension that may cause bradycardia, hypotension, and dizziness, requiring patients to rise slowly.
Bronchospasm - answers>>A condition that can be treated with selective beta2- adrenergic agonists like albuterol. Bupivacaine - answers>>A local anesthetic used in peripheral nerve blocks that may require less narcotic medication postoperatively. Caffeine - answers>>Stimulant that should be avoided by patients taking methylphenidate. Caffeine citrate - answers>>Used to treat neonatal apnea. Caffeine tablets - answers>>Can lead to stimulant overdose symptoms. Caffeine toxicity - answers>>Can cause arrhythmias and convulsions. Carbamazepine - answers>>Adjunct medication for refractory seizures. Carbidopa and levodopa combination - answers>>Reduces peripheral conversion of levodopa to dopamine allowing for more dopamine to reach the basal ganglia with smaller doses of levodopa. Carbidopa-levodopa - answers>>First-line treatment for Parkinson's disease. Cardioselective beta-adrenergic blocker - answers>>A type of beta blocker that preferentially affects beta1 receptors, reducing the risk of bronchospasm. Cardiovascular disease - answers>>A condition that may require careful selection of beta blockers in patients with asthma. Caregiver assistance - answers>>Support provided to patients for daily needs. Central Nervous System Effects - answers>>Drowsiness and dizziness from muscle relaxants. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Analysis - answers>>Test to diagnose multiple sclerosis. Cholinergic agonist - answers>>Stimulates acetylcholine receptors to enhance activity. Cholinergic Crisis - answers>>Excessive muscle stimulation from too much medication. Cholinergic drugs - answers>>Medications that decrease heart rate, stimulate gastric muscles, dilate blood vessels, increase salivation, and constrict pupils. Cholinergic Symptoms - answers>>Signs of excess ACh, including salivation and muscle twitching.
Cholinesterase - answers>>Enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine. Cholinesterase inhibitor - answers>>Drug that increases acetylcholine by inhibiting its breakdown. Chronic condition - answers>>Long-lasting health issue requiring ongoing management. CNS interactions - answers>>Potential severe drug interactions affecting the central nervous system. Cognitive function - answers>>Mental processes related to knowledge and understanding. Cognitive level - answers>>Refers to the complexity of understanding. Cognitive Level: Applying - answers>>A level of understanding that involves using knowledge in practical situations. Cognitive level: Applying - answers>>NCLEX level indicating application of knowledge. Cognitive Level: Knowledge - answers>>The basic level of understanding that involves recognizing and recalling facts. Cognitive Level: Remembering - answers>>A level of understanding that involves recalling previously learned information. Cognitive Level: Understanding - answers>>A level of understanding that involves comprehending the material and being able to explain it. Cold medications - answers>>Should be avoided with ADHD stimulant medications. Controlled substance - answers>>Classification of phentermine HCl, indicating it is regulated due to potential for abuse. Controlled substance classification of alprazolam - answers>>Alprazolam is a controlled substance (CSS: IV). Daily fatigue - answers>>May indicate sleep disorders like narcolepsy. Dark urine - answers>>Harmless side effect of entacapone treatment. Darkening of urine - answers>>Common side effect of carbidopa-levodopa. Daytime naps recommendation - answers>>Patients should avoid taking daytime naps. Desired effects - answers>>Intended therapeutic outcomes of a medication.
Effect of grapefruit juice on alprazolam - answers>>Consumption of grapefruit juice can increase alprazolam levels. Elderly patients - answers>>Group at higher risk for medication side effects. Electroencephalogram (EEG) - answers>>Diagnostic test that may show abnormal findings in children with ADHD. Entacapone - answers>>Drug that enhances carbidopa-levodopa effectiveness. Epilepsy - answers>>A neurological condition most often of unknown origin, with 75% of seizure cases considered primary or idiopathic. Epinephrine - answers>>A medication administered during anaphylactic reactions that can cause renal vasoconstriction, leading to decreased urine output. Erythema and swelling - answers>>Signs at the IV insertion site that may indicate extravasation of dopamine. Ethosuximide - answers>>An antiepileptic medication used specifically to treat absence seizures. Ethosuximide mechanism of action - answers>>Works by suppressing calcium influx. Extravasation - answers>>The leakage of intravenous medication into surrounding tissue, which can cause tissue necrosis. Falls risk - answers>>Increased likelihood of falling due to medication side effects. Fasciculations - answers>>Involuntary muscle contractions, seen in cholinergic crisis. Febrile seizure - answers>>Affects 2.5% of children developing epilepsy. First dose intervention for flurazepam - answers>>Instituting a bed alarm system to prevent falls. Fluid bolus - answers>>Action that may be performed if a patient shows signs of dehydration, but not indicated in the presence of urinary retention. Fluid intake recommendation - answers>>Patients may be advised to drink extra fluids when using certain medications, though this was not recommended for albuterol. Fluid retention assessment - answers>>Monitoring for signs of excess fluid in the body. Gastric paresis - answers>>Condition that contraindicates the use of tolterodine tartrate.
Gastrointestinal distress - answers>>Common side effect of Parkinson's medications. Gastrointestinal pain - answers>>Symptom to monitor after administering cholinergic drugs. Gastrointestinal side effects - answers>>Can occur with methylphenidate use. General anesthesia - answers>>A medically induced coma that requires careful monitoring and adjustment based on various patient factors. Gingival hyperplasia - answers>>Overgrowth of gum tissue that bleeds easily, commonly caused by phenytoin. Glatiramer Acetate - answers>>Medication used to prevent MS symptom worsening. Glaucoma - answers>>Condition that contraindicates the use of anticholinergic medications due to the risk of increased intraocular pressure. Grapefruit juice interaction - answers>>Can increase carbamazepine toxicity risk. Group support - answers>>A form of assistance provided by peers to help individuals cope with their conditions. Growth suppression - answers>>Potential side effect of methylphenidate. Half-life of caffeine - answers>>Approximately 4 hours in the body. Hangover effects - answers>>Hangover refers to residual drowsiness that occurs the day after taking a hypnotic. Harmless side effect - answers>>Non-threatening reaction to medication that does not require treatment. Heart rate monitoring - answers>>Important for patients on cholinergic medications. Heart rate of 82 beats per minute - answers>>Normal finding in a patient who has received atropine sulfate. Height and weight assessment - answers>>Crucial for children on stimulant medications. Hepatotoxicity - answers>>Liver damage risk from valproic acid. High-potassium diet - answers>>Diet recommended for patients on certain medications.
Low-protein foods - answers>>Recommended for better absorption of carbidopa- levodopa. Maximum recommended dose of zolpidem - answers>>The maximum recommended dose is 10 mg. Medication absorption - answers>>Process of how a drug enters the bloodstream. Medication adherence - answers>>Important to ensure effectiveness of ADHD treatment. Medication regimen adjustment - answers>>Modifying treatment based on patient response. Medication therapy - answers>>The use of drugs to treat or manage a health condition. Melatonin receptor agonist - answers>>Ramelteon is classified as a melatonin agonist. Memantine - answers>>Medication used to treat moderate to severe AD. Methylphenidate - answers>>CNS stimulant used to treat ADHD; can cause insomnia and should be taken 30-45 minutes before breakfast and lunch. Methylphenidate HCl - answers>>Medication for managing ADHD symptoms. Metoprolol (Lopressor) - answers>>A cardioselective beta-adrenergic blocker that is safer for asthma patients as it is less likely to cause bronchospasm. Midazolam - answers>>A benzodiazepine used for sedation and to decrease the amount of general anesthesia needed. Mild side effects - answers>>Non-serious reactions to medication, like loose stools. Mitoxantrone - answers>>Chemotherapy agent for MS treatment. Modafinil - answers>>Medication prescribed for narcolepsy. Monitoring serum glucose - answers>>An action that may be necessary for patients on certain medications, though not specifically for albuterol. Monitoring vital signs - answers>>Critical nursing action after administering medications. Multiple Sclerosis (MS) - answers>>Chronic disease affecting the central nervous system.
Muscarinic receptors - answers>>Receptors primarily targeted by direct-acting cholinergic agonists. Muscle rigidity - answers>>Symptom that would not trigger contacting a physician regarding the appropriateness of benztropine. Muscle weakness - answers>>Symptom that would not trigger contacting a physician regarding the appropriateness of benztropine. Myasthenia Gravis - answers>>An autoimmune disorder causing muscle weakness. Myasthenia gravis - answers>>Condition that requires caution when using benztropine, as anticholinergic agents can exacerbate symptoms. Myasthenic crisis - answers>>Severe muscle weakness affecting respiratory function. Myasthenic Crisis - answers>>Severe muscle weakness due to insufficient medication. Narcotic medication - answers>>Pain-relieving medications that may be required in lesser amounts when a peripheral nerve block is used. Nasal spray administration - answers>>Should be done while the patient is in an upright position to avoid systemic absorption. Natalizumab - answers>>MS medication linked to serious CNS infections. Neostigmine - answers>>Cholinesterase inhibitor for myasthenia gravis. Neuritic plaques - answers>>Abnormal clusters of protein fragments that accumulate between nerve cells in Alzheimer disease. Neurotransmitter imbalance - answers>>The condition in which the levels of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and acetylcholine are not in proper balance, as seen in Parkinson disease. Nicotinic receptors - answers>>Receptors that can also be affected by cholinergic drugs. Nightmares with sedative-hypnotics - answers>>Patients may experience vivid dreams and nightmares. Non-pharmacologic measure for sleep - answers>>Get out of bed at the same time each morning. Non-pharmacologic measures - answers>>Recommended for sleep difficulties without medication.
Peripheral vascular disorders - answers>>Conditions affecting blood flow to limbs. Pharmacological therapies - answers>>Use of drugs to manage medical conditions. Phentermine HCl - answers>>Medication used short-term for the treatment of obesity; a controlled substance (schedule IV) that can result in tachycardia. Phentolamine mesylate - answers>>An antidote used to treat tissue necrosis caused by dopamine extravasation. Phenylephrine HCl (Neo-Synephrine) - answers>>A nasal spray used to treat congestion that should not be used for more than 3 days to avoid rebound nasal congestion. Phenytoin - answers>>An anticonvulsant medication commonly used to treat seizure disorders. Phenytoin (Dilantin) - answers>>An anticonvulsant medication that may require higher doses for children due to their rapid metabolism. Phenytoin administration route - answers>>Intramuscular injection is not recommended due to irritation of tissues. Phenytoin and adverse effects - answers>>Common adverse effects include gingival hyperplasia and possible changes in urine color. Phenytoin and antacid use - answers>>Patients taking antacids while on phenytoin may experience lower serum drug levels. Phenytoin and anticoagulants - answers>>Phenytoin can affect coagulation studies due to its interaction with other drugs. Phenytoin and blood tests - answers>>Complete blood count and liver function tests are essential for patients on phenytoin. Phenytoin and drug interactions - answers>>Phenytoin may interact with other medications, affecting its absorption and efficacy. Phenytoin and drug toxicity - answers>>A serum drug level of 18 mcg/mL is not indicative of toxicity. Phenytoin and liver function tests - answers>>Routine monitoring is necessary for patients on long-term phenytoin therapy.
Phenytoin and pregnancy - answers>>Women who are pregnant should discontinue phenytoin due to its teratogenic effects. Phenytoin and seizure management - answers>>Phenytoin is used to manage various types of seizures, including generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Phenytoin and self-care - answers>>Gingival hyperplasia is not a sign of poor self-care but an adverse effect of the medication. Phenytoin and serum electrolytes - answers>>Monitoring serum electrolytes may be necessary for patients on phenytoin. Phenytoin and urine color change - answers>>Reddish-brown urine is a benign side effect of phenytoin. Phenytoin dose adjustment - answers>>If serum drug level is within 10 to 20 mcg/mL, no adjustment is necessary. Phenytoin infusion rate for older patients - answers>>Should be infused at a rate of 25 mcg/min. Physiological integrity - answers>>Focus area in nursing related to patient safety. Physiological Integrity - answers>>Maintaining body functions and homeostasis. Post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) - answers>>A recovery area where patients are monitored after anesthesia until they regain consciousness. Postoperative nausea and vomiting - answers>>A common side effect that may be reduced by the balanced anesthesia approach. Postoperative recovery time - answers>>The duration it takes for a patient to recover after surgery, which may be prolonged in patients who consume increased amounts of alcohol. Preoperative assessment - answers>>An evaluation performed by the nurse to gather important information about the patient's health and medication use before surgery. Preoperative sedation agents - answers>>Pentobarbital and secobarbital are used for preoperative sedation. Progressive condition - answers>>Condition that worsens over time without cure. Pseudoephedrine - answers>>Sympathomimetic used for nasal congestion relief. Psychological dependence - answers>>Can develop with regular caffeine consumption.
Seizure frequency - answers>>Measured by the number of seizures per week. Seizure management - answers>>Involves medication adherence and monitoring. Selective beta2-adrenergic agonist - answers>>A medication such as albuterol used to treat bronchospasm in asthma patients, which can potentially cause increased heart rate (tachycardia). Selegiline - answers>>Inhibits monoamine oxidase-B and requires caution against excessive consumption of foods containing high amounts of tyramine due to the risk of hypertensive crisis. Self-care - answers>>Ability to perform daily activities independently. Serum drug level - answers>>Used to assess medication effectiveness. Serum glucose monitoring - answers>>Important for diabetic patients on sympathomimetics. Side effects of stimulants - answers>>May include increased heart rate and anxiety. Sinus bradycardia - answers>>Condition that may require the administration of atropine sulfate to increase heart rate. Spinal anesthesia - answers>>A type of regional anesthesia where medication is injected into the spinal canal. Spinal fluid loss - answers>>A potential complication of spinal anesthesia that can cause a headache, mitigated by having the patient remain flat for 6 to 8 hours post- surgery. Status epilepticus treatment - answers>>Diazepam is administered IV for immediate effect in patients experiencing status epilepticus. Stevens-Johnson syndrome - answers>>Severe skin reaction requiring immediate medical attention. Strenuous exercise before bedtime - answers>>Patients should avoid strenuous exercise before bedtime. Sympathomimetic drugs - answers>>Mimic sympathetic nervous system effects. Systemic side effects - answers>>Adverse effects that can occur with frequent use of nasal sprays, which should be avoided.
Tachycardia - answers>>An increased heart rate that can occur as a side effect of selective beta2-adrenergic agonists. Tapering benzodiazepine dosage - answers>>Taper the dose gradually to avoid withdrawal. Teratogenic effects of phenytoin - answers>>Phenytoin has serious teratogenic effects and should not be taken by pregnant women. Therapeutic drug level - answers>>Carbamazepine level of 4 to 12 mcg/mL. Therapeutic range for phenytoin - answers>>10 to 20 mcg/mL, indicating safe and effective drug levels in the body. Therapeutic range of phenytoin - answers>>The effective concentration of phenytoin in the blood, which is typically between 10 to 20 mcg/mL. Thymectomy - answers>>Surgical removal of the thymus gland. Thymic Hyperplasia - answers>>Enlargement of the thymus gland, common in MG. Tolerance and physical dependence with zolpidem - answers>>Tolerance and physical dependence may occur. Tolterodine tartrate (Detrol LA) - answers>>Medication used to treat incontinence; contraindicated in patients with gastric paresis. Toxic drug level - answers>>Carbamazepine level above 12 mcg/mL. Transdermal patch - answers>>Medication delivery system applied to skin. Tremors - answers>>Involuntary shaking movements that can be improved with anticholinergic medications like benztropine. Tremors and restlessness - answers>>Symptoms that may indicate overuse of albuterol in asthma patients. Tyramine - answers>>A compound that can trigger hypertensive crisis. Understanding of zolpidem teaching - answers>>I will take this medication at bedtime. Urecholine - answers>>Brand name for bethanechol. Urinary retention - answers>>A potential side effect of atropine; indicated by urine output being less than fluid intake.
