Pharmacology for Veterinary Technicians: Exam Questions and Answers, Exams of Nursing

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PHARMACOLOGY PENN FOSTER VETERINARY FINAL

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The expiration date and serial number of the rabies vaccine administered must be recorded on each pet's rabies certificate. T/F True Delayed billing has no perks for a veterinary practice owner. T/F False When a shipment arrives at a veterinary hospital, if the delivery carton appears to me damaged, the ICM does not have to accept the shipment from the carrier. T/F True When a DEA form is used to order a controlled substance, it is acceptable to draw a line through a misspelled word and then write it correctly beside the mistake. T/F False Distinguish between hormonal, endocrine, and reproductive drugs Describe how drugs affect the nervous system Drugs affect the nervous system by acting at the synaptic junctions to promote neurotransmitter's activity, mimic their actions, or block them from acting. Identify examples of respiratory drugs Expectorants, mucolytics, antitussives, bronchodilators, decongestants

Define: Over-the-counter drug One that may be purchased without prescription from a veterinarian Define: Prescription Drug One that must be used under the supervision of a veterinarina Define: Receptor a group of specialized molecules on or in a cell that bind with a drug to produce an effect Define: Therapeutic Index expresses the relationship between a drug's therapeutic and harmful effects Define: Withdrawl Time Amount of time that must elapse between the end of drug therapy and elimination of that drug from patients tissues or products Define: Veterinarian-client-patient relationship Relationship that must exist between the vet, the patient, and the owner before prescription drugs can be dispensed.

List 4 sources of drugs used in Vet Med Animal product, plant material, minerals, synthetic products What are 4 components of a drug regimen? Dose, route, frequency, and duration of administration. Discuss the conditions that must be met before a valid veterinarian-client-patient relationship can be shown to exist

1. vet must assume responsibility for making clinical judgments in relation to health of the animal.
2. Vet must have recently seen the animal and be acquainted with it's care.
3. Vet must be available for follow-up care of the animal Discuss the responsibilities of a vet tech in the administration of drug orders To carry out the vet's orders correctly. should read the drug label three times to ensure proper drug is being administered and should take care to administer correct dose by correct route. Should be aware of the expected affects and potential adverse side effects and be able to monitor the patient. Describe the sequence of events that a drug undergoes from administration to excretion Drug is absorbed (or placed directly) into the bloodstream, the drug may bind with plasma in the blood or may exist in free state, circulating blood distributes drug to capillary level where it leaves circulation and enters interstitial fluid. it bathes the cell and allows drug to bind to cell surface receptors or enter the cell. It then exits the cell and moves back into interstitial fluid, reenters circulation, and is transported to liver for metabolism. The metabolite is then transported to kidneys for excretion.

What are three government agencies that regulate the development, approval, and use of animal health products? FDA, EPA, USDA Why do many vet clinics dispense rather than prescribe most of the drugs that they use? Profit earned from selling products Describe the marketing of animal health products Purchased from manufacturers, distributors, or generic mail order companies. May be sold only one label to graduate veterinarians and under another as over-the-counter all FDA-approved veterinary drugs are listed in the publication entitled The Green Book What is the purpose of FARAD? Provides resources concerning the avoidance of drug residues in animals Extralabel veterinary drug use was made legal (under prescribed circumstances) by what act of congress? Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act (AMDUCA) Define Compounding Diluting or combingin existing drugs

What are potential dangers of residues in animal products May cause allergic reaction or neoplasia in people, may cause the development of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria List 3 classes of drug interactions Pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic, and pharmaceutic Drug interaction can be anticipated when two drugs are given that are both metabolized by the Liver Define: Ethical Product one sold only through veterinarians as a policy of the manufacturer rather than by FDA requirement Once a drug has been biotransformed, it is called a Metabolite A reason to use a drug is a(n) Indication Diagnostic method of choosing a drug is based on all of the following except a. Practical experience

List the six practices recommended by the AVMA for the safe disposal of unwanted drugs. 1.Incinerate when possible

2. Send to landfill when incinerated
3. Never flush down drain or toilet
4. Maintain close inventory control
5. Follow state and federal guidelines
6. Educate clients on proper disposal techniques. Name 4 common Drug Preparations Drugs for oral administration, drugs for parenteral administration, drugs for inhalation, and drugs for topical inhalations. Boluses are used in the treatment of Large animals with a balling gun name two types of parenteral injection forms injections, implants. Vials may be either dose or dose single-, multi- All needles should be discarded in a

sharps container Name the 6 rights of drug administration Right patient, right drug, right dose, right route, right time and frequency, right documentation Oral drugs should never be adminsitered in animals that are Vomiting Intravenous administration of drugs allows the most and effective administration Rapid An indwelling catheter should be replaced with a new one every hours 72 A Simplex (gravity set) IV system is used to administer fluids to animals large Name six items that should be recorded in the controlled substance log Date, owner's name, patient's name, drug name, amount dispensed or administered, name(s) of personnel administering the drug to the patient

All of the following are sites for IV administration in small animals except a. jugular vein b. carotid artery c. lateral saphenous vein d. phalic vein b. carotid artery If an IV catheter is not used continuously it should be flushed with heparinized saline every to hours 8, Cerumen is a substance that is commonly found in what anatomic part of the body? ear Any patient receiving IV fluid therapy should be monitored every to minutes. 15, IV tubing should be changed after a to hour period. 48, 72 When an intramuscular injection is given in the pelvic limb of a dog or cat, the area near the nerve should be avoided.

sciatic Describe the difference between an agonist and an opioid antagonist An agonist is a drug that combines with a receptor to bring about an action and an antagonist combines with a receptor to block the action. Define: neurotransmitter A neurotransmitter is a chemical substance released by a nerve ending at the synapse. It acts on the adjacent neuron to stimulate, inhibit, or change its activity. The area of the brain that serves to relay information from the spinal cord and brainstem to the interpretation center in the cerebrum is the Thalamus Most CNS drugs act by or the effects of neurotransmitters. Interrupting he generation or conduction of nerve impulses; interfering with What are the primary neurotransmitters for adrenergic receptors? epinephrine and norepinephrine List the four primary ways in which drugs affect the ANS. mimicking neurotransmitters, interfering with neurotransmitters release, blocking the attachment of neurotransmitters to receptors and interfering with the breakdown of neurotransmitters

Analgesia, increased muscle tone, maintenance of pharyngeal/laryngeal reflexes, muscle tremors, loss of blink reflex. List some of the signs of a narcotic overdose Respiratory depression, cardiac depression, agitation, excitement, or seizures List two narcotic antagonists naloxone and nalorphine Why should glyceryl guaiacolate not be mixed until just before use? Because it tends to precipitate out of solution when stored you are assisting the delivery of a litter of puppies and you deliver one that is not breathing adequately. What drug would the vet instruct to give and by what route? Doxapram (Dopram) may be administered under tongue or into umbilical vein, or by intramuscular injection. Why are euthanasia solutions that contain only pentobarbital classified as Class II controlled substances, whereas those that contain pentobarbital and other substances are classified as Class III controlled substances? Some pentobarbital agents have a red dye added to distinguish them from pentobarbital agents that may be used for anesthesia. They are easily identified as euthanasia agents and have less potential for abuse All psychotherapy drugs are thought to produce their effects by altering activity in the brain.

Neurotransmitter Dissociative agents such as ketamine and tiletamine may cause at the injection site Burning A hypnotic (anesthetic) known for its very short duration and white color is Propofol An inhibitory neurotransmitter that is widely distributed in the brain is GABA A benzodiazepine that s used as an antianxiety medication and as an appetite stimulant in cats is Diazepam An example of a tricyclic antidepressant used in vet med for separation anxiety in dogs is Clomicalm is used to treat old-dog dementia Anipryl

Epinephrine is responsible for all of the following except a. can cause an increase in metabolic rate b. can cause an increase in heart rate and cardiac output c. communication with stem cells in bone marrow d. can constrict blood vessels in the skin. c. communication with stem cells in bone marrow Xylazine is antagonized by Yohimbine All of the following are benzodiazepines except a. yohimbine b. diazepam c. alprazolam d. lorazepam a. yohimbine What structures would a molecule of oxygen pass over or through as it travels from the environment to the alveoli? Nostrils, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles what are the 4 primary functions of the respiratory system?

oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange, regulation of acid base balance, body temperature regulation and voice production. describe the functions of the three basic defense mechnaisms of the respiratory system Structures in the nasal passages filter, warm, and humidify inspired air. The cough, sneeze and reverse sneeze attempt to remove foreign material that has entered the respiratory system Mucocilliary mechanism also removes foreign material from the respiratory system. Macrophages and immunoglobulins inactivate or destroy invasive organisms. What are three important principles of respiratory therapeutics? Control of secretions, control of reflexes, maintenance of normal airflow Expectorants are indicted when what type of cough is present? Productive Mucolytics decrease the viscosity of respiratory mucous by what mechanism? Through the breakdown of disulfide chemical bonds. Acetylcysteine is administered by what method for pulmonary uses? Nebulization What is the mechanism of action of most antitussives used in vet-medicine? Through depression of the cough center in the brain