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PHARMACOLOGY PENN FOSTER VETERINARY FINAL
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What is the reorder point? The point at which a product is allowed to be sold or used in-house before new product is ordered Why is recording the expiration date and serial number for rabies vaccine so important? This number is included on the rabies certificate given to the client; also, rabies is a zoonotic disease, and the veterinarian must account for the expiration date of the vaccine and the serial number. Once the reorder point is reached, a basic rule of thumb is to order a - month supply. 1 list some rules for filling out a DEA form All information on the form must be correct, no cross outs are allowed, no liquid correction fluid or tape can be used, must have correct spelling, must have correct drug strength, and must have the veterinarian's signature on the form. Time=Money T/F
True A mean turnover rate of is acceptable for most veterinary practices 8 Inventory should be placed on pharmacy shelves in such a way as to ensure FIFO DEA forms are issued by federal government An item may be placed on back order just because the pharmaceutic company is changing the color of the drug's label T/F True The price a veterinary hospital pays for an item is known as , and the amount the hospital sells the item to a client for is known as price. cost:retail The expiration date and serial number of the rabies vaccine administered must be recorded on each pet's rabies certificate. T/F True
Summarize the difference between ophthalmic and otic drugs Compare and contrast cardiovascular and gastrointestinal drugs Describe how antiparasitic drugs work Antiparasitic drugs work by destroying parasites or inhibiting their growth. Most work by interfering with the parasite's nervous system to prevent them from moving. Discuss why replacement drugs are often necessary for animal health Explain the veterinary technician's role in inventory control keeping the staff informed regarding discontinued items, knowing the dates on which backordered items will be released from the vendor, packing up goods awaiting return to the vendor (e.g., expired items), rotating stock correctly, maintaining current prices on all products, organizing inventory for ease of location and counting, receiving and inspecting orders on arrival at the veterinary facility, and learning about new products. Define: Agonist Drug that has affinity for a receptor/stimulates receptor into action Define: Contraindication A reason not to use a drug in a particular situation
Define: Efficacy the degree to which a drug produces its desired response. Define: Over-the-counter drug One that may be purchased without prescription from a veterinarian Define: Prescription Drug One that must be used under the supervision of a veterinarina Define: Receptor a group of specialized molecules on or in a cell that bind with a drug to produce an effect Define: Therapeutic Index expresses the relationship between a drug's therapeutic and harmful effects Define: Withdrawl Time Amount of time that must elapse between the end of drug therapy and elimination of that drug from patients tissues or products Define: Veterinarian-client-patient relationship Relationship that must exist between the vet, the patient, and the owner before prescription drugs can be dispensed.
List 11 possible routes for administering a drug to a patient. Oral, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intraarterial, intracardiac, intramedullary, inhalation, topical, intradermal List some of the factors that influence drug absorption Method of absorption, pH of the drug and ionization status, absorptive surface area, blood supply to area, solubility of drug, dosage form, status of GI tract, and interactions with other drugs Most biotransformation occurs in the Liver Most drug excretion occurs via the Kidneys Drugs usually produce their effects by combining with specific cellular Receptors The drug name chosen by the manufacturer and is exclusive property of that company is called Trade/Proprietary Name What are the 6 items that must be included on drug label? names (generic and trade) concentration, quantity, name and address of manufacturer, control or lot number, expiration date
What are three government agencies that regulate the development, approval, and use of animal health products? FDA, EPA, USDA Why do many vet clinics dispense rather than prescribe most of the drugs that they use? Profit earned from selling products Describe the marketing of animal health products Purchased from manufacturers, distributors, or generic mail order companies. May be sold only one label to graduate veterinarians and under another as over-the-counter all FDA-approved veterinary drugs are listed in the publication entitled The Green Book What is the purpose of FARAD? Provides resources concerning the avoidance of drug residues in animals Extralabel veterinary drug use was made legal (under prescribed circumstances) by what act of congress? Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act (AMDUCA) Define Compounding Diluting or combingin existing drugs
b. Assesment of the patient c. Obtaining a history d. Performing lab tests A. Practical experience. Define: extralabel Using a drug in a way not specified by the label Complex sequence of events that occurs after a drug is administered is called Pharmacokinetics Parenteral drugs are administered by injections. The body's ability to change a drug chemically from the form in which it was administered into a form that can be eliminated from the body is called Metabolism (biotransformation) Degree to which a drug produces its desired response in a patient is called efficacy An adverse drug reaction is always life-threatening. T/F? False
List the six practices recommended by the AVMA for the safe disposal of unwanted drugs. 1.Incinerate when possible
- Send to landfill when incinerated
- Never flush down drain or toilet
- Maintain close inventory control
- Follow state and federal guidelines
- Educate clients on proper disposal techniques. Name 4 common Drug Preparations Drugs for oral administration, drugs for parenteral administration, drugs for inhalation, and drugs for topical inhalations. Boluses are used in the treatment of Large animals with a balling gun name two types of parenteral injection forms injections, implants. Vials may be either dose or dose single-, multi- All needles should be discarded in a
Why should drugs be given by injection not be stored in syringes for any length of time before administration? The plastic syringe may absorb the drug, which may cause it to be less effective List 4 types of syringe tips that are available for use luer-lock, slip-tip, eccentric, catheter tip A tuberculin syringe holds up to mL of medication 1 A(n) is an agent that produces superficial irritation that is intended to relieve some other irritation Counter irritant What type of syringe is divided into units rather than mls? insulin syringe A(n) will usually separate after long periods of shelf life and must be shaken well before use to provide a uniform dose suspension Which syringe is constructed in such a way that the needle screws onto the tip of the syringe? Luer-Lok tip
All of the following are sites for IV administration in small animals except a. jugular vein b. carotid artery c. lateral saphenous vein d. phalic vein b. carotid artery If an IV catheter is not used continuously it should be flushed with heparinized saline every to hours 8, Cerumen is a substance that is commonly found in what anatomic part of the body? ear Any patient receiving IV fluid therapy should be monitored every to minutes. 15, IV tubing should be changed after a to hour period. 48, 72 When an intramuscular injection is given in the pelvic limb of a dog or cat, the area near the nerve should be avoided.
List five indications for the use of cholinergic agents Control vomiting, treat urinary retention, stimulate GI activity, treat glaucoma and to aid in diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. Atropine, scopolamine, glycopyrrolate, and aminopentamide are examples of what specific drug class? Cholinergic blocking agents What category of drug is used to treat cardiac arrest and anaphylactic shock? adrenergic (sympathomimetic) Propranolol is an example of which category of drug? Beta Blocker What are some adverse side effects of xylazine and what drug may be used to antagonize its effects Bradycardia and hypotension can be antagonized by using atropine, respiratory depression or excessive CNS depression can be antagonized by using yohimbine Why would you be concerned about using a thiobarbiturate to induce anesthesia in a very thin dog? Thiobarbiturates are fat soluble which means fat acts like a sponge to take barbiturate out of circulation and away from CNS. thin animals will not absorb as much in to fat tissues and more will remain in bloodstream and may cause excessive depression of the CNS. What are some of the characteristics of a cat anesthetized with ketamine?
Analgesia, increased muscle tone, maintenance of pharyngeal/laryngeal reflexes, muscle tremors, loss of blink reflex. List some of the signs of a narcotic overdose Respiratory depression, cardiac depression, agitation, excitement, or seizures List two narcotic antagonists naloxone and nalorphine Why should glyceryl guaiacolate not be mixed until just before use? Because it tends to precipitate out of solution when stored you are assisting the delivery of a litter of puppies and you deliver one that is not breathing adequately. What drug would the vet instruct to give and by what route? Doxapram (Dopram) may be administered under tongue or into umbilical vein, or by intramuscular injection. Why are euthanasia solutions that contain only pentobarbital classified as Class II controlled substances, whereas those that contain pentobarbital and other substances are classified as Class III controlled substances? Some pentobarbital agents have a red dye added to distinguish them from pentobarbital agents that may be used for anesthesia. They are easily identified as euthanasia agents and have less potential for abuse All psychotherapy drugs are thought to produce their effects by altering activity in the brain.
The nervous system carries out activity very rapidly by sending electric-like messages over a network of nerve fibers. The system works much more slowly by sending chemical messengers through the bloodstream to target structures. endocrine The nervouse system is under voluntary control Somatic the is the fundamental unit of the nervous system neuron Axons carry electric-like messages (from) the nerve cell, and dendrites carry electric-like messages (from) the nerve cell. Away: toward Neurotransmitters cannot be mimicked or blocked by the use of appropriate drugs, and that is why patients with nervous system disorders do not have a very good prognosis. T/F? False the ANS is that portion of the nervous system that controls body activities. Unconscious the neurotransmitter for cholinergic sites is acetylchoine
Epinephrine is responsible for all of the following except a. can cause an increase in metabolic rate b. can cause an increase in heart rate and cardiac output c. communication with stem cells in bone marrow d. can constrict blood vessels in the skin. c. communication with stem cells in bone marrow Xylazine is antagonized by Yohimbine All of the following are benzodiazepines except a. yohimbine b. diazepam c. alprazolam d. lorazepam a. yohimbine What structures would a molecule of oxygen pass over or through as it travels from the environment to the alveoli? Nostrils, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles what are the 4 primary functions of the respiratory system?
