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This comprehensive study guide provides a detailed overview of various pharmacological principles and therapeutic applications. It covers key drugs, their mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, adverse effects, nursing interventions, and important considerations for safe and effective medication administration. The guide is particularly useful for students and professionals in the field of nursing and healthcare.
Typology: Exercises
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When administering the drug senna to a patient, a health care provider must inform the patient of the following:
This drug is not intended for long-term use. The patient must limit their fiber intake. Advise the patient to change positions slowly to limit the risk of orthostatic hypotension.
When giving digoxin (Lanoxin) to a patient, the health care provider notices various signs and symptoms of an overdose. The health care provider knows to give Digibind to reverse digoxin toxicity.
The action of an ACE inhibitor is to lower blood pressure by blocking the conversion of angiotensin I to vasoconstrictor angiotensin II.
The "long-acting" type of insulin is Glargine (Lantus).
The therapeutic use of metformin is to maintain a person's blood glucose.
The correct definition for absorption of a drug is the movement of the drug from the site of administration to various tissues of the body.
When assessing a patient on Valproate, the healthcare provider should monitor for suicidal thoughts, seizures, and bipolar disorder.
Certain combinations of food and drugs can cause adverse reactions. Precautions may require limiting certain types of food or concurrent drugs rather than restricting the drug itself. When one drug changes the way another drug affects that drug.
ACE Inhibitors are used in the treatment of hypertension, heart failure, and diabetic nephropathy, but not hypotension.
Anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) are used to treat migraine headaches.
When administering a Serotonin Antagonist, it is important to monitor for mental status changes.
The antidote for Heparin is Protamine sulfate.
If a patient has taken an overdose of the opioid analgesic hydrocodone, the antidote is Naloxone.
When educating a patient on taking levothyroxine, the healthcare provider should instruct the patient to take it at the same time every day.
Alprazolam (Xanax) may be helpful for a patient experiencing anxiety and panic attacks.
Acetaminophen is not an opioid or NSAID.
When using ACE inhibitors, it is important to monitor the patient's ins and outs to assess for potential renal impairment.
When administering Antiulcer Agents, the healthcare provider should be more cautious when giving them to elderly patients and patients with renal failure.
The common side effect that is normal with the initial therapy of Nitroglycerine due to increased vasodilation is headache.
Two tests that should be monitored for a patient on Warfarin are PT and INR.
The diuretic that inhibits sodium reabsorption in the kidneys while saving K+ and Hydrogen ions is Spironolactone.
If a patient's apical pulse is documented as 58 bpm, the nurse should withhold administration of Propranolol and notify the physician.
When a patient is taking diuretics, the nurse should monitor their daily weight, intake and output, and amount and location of edema.
Digoxin has a therapeutic effect that increases cardiac output and slows heart rate.
The antidote for Warfarin is Vitamin K.
The nurse should instruct the client to rotate the application sites weekly when using transdermal patches.
The nurse should instruct the client taking long-term oral prednisone for chronic asthma to monitor for weight gain as an adverse effect.
The nurse should instruct the patient taking Digoxin to monitor and report fatigue, anorexia, and diplopia as adverse effects.
The antidote for Heparin is Protamine.
Phenytoin has an unlabeled use for neuropathic pain.
Low levels of potassium can cause toxicity when taking Digoxin.
Valproate is an anticonvulsant and vascular headache suppressant.
When taking Nitroglycerine (transdermal), you should have 10-12 hours nitrate free each day.
When administering Phenytoin, the nurse should monitor the patient's behavior, therapeutic blood levels, and for Stevens-Johnson syndrome.
Angiotensin II receptor agents medications usually end in "-sartan".
The therapeutic effects of Lithium are to prevent/decrease the incidence of acute manic episodes.
The action of Metformin is to decrease intestinal glucose absorption and increase sensitivity to insulin.
Propranolol is effective in decreasing blood pressure and preventing myocardial infarction.
Examples of antiemetic drugs include ondansetron, metoclopramide, and prochlorperazine.
Antiulcer agents are used to treat and prevent gastric and duodenal ulcers. They work by reducing stomach acid production or protecting the stomach lining. Examples of antiulcer agents include proton pump inhibitors (e.g., omeprazole) and H2-receptor antagonists (e.g., ranitidine).
Antithrombotic drugs are used to prevent or treat thromboembolic events, such as deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. They work by interfering with the blood clotting process. Examples of antithrombotic drugs include warfarin, heparin, and clopidogrel.
Iron supplements are used to treat and prevent iron deficiency anemia. They should be taken one hour before or two hours after meals, with a full glass of water or juice, and without caffeine.
Valproate is an anticonvulsant drug used primarily to treat seizure disorders, such as epilepsy. It works by stabilizing the electrical activity in the brain, preventing seizure activity.
Digoxin is a cardiac glycoside used to treat heart failure and certain types of arrhythmias. Before administering digoxin, the nurse should count the patient's apical pulse for one minute to ensure it is within the appropriate range.
In the case of a heparin overdose, the antidote is protamine sulfate, which neutralizes the anticoagulant effects of heparin.
The serious adverse reaction associated with the loop diuretic furosemide is Stevens-Johnson syndrome, a severe skin reaction.
If a patient is taking an ACE inhibitor, the nurse should monitor for signs of angioedema, which include difficulty breathing.
Propranolol, a beta-blocker, is used off-label (unlabeled use) for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Drugs with the suffix "-ale" are typically antihypertensive agents. Drugs with the suffix "-olol" are typically beta-blockers. Drugs with the suffix "-pril" are typically ACE inhibitors. Drugs with the suffix "-ide" are typically diuretics.
A common side effect of the anticonvulsant drug phenytoin is tremors.
The therapeutic use of lithium is to decrease the incidence of acute manic episodes in patients with bipolar disorder.
Naloxone is the drug used to reverse the effects of an opioid overdose.
Patients with peptic ulcers should stop taking NSAIDs, as they can exacerbate the condition.
The seven rights of medication administration are: right patient, right drug, right dose, right route, right time, right reason, and right documentation.
Tylenol (acetaminophen) is classified as a non-opioid analgesic, used for pain relief and fever reduction.
The major side effect to monitor for in patients taking lithium for bipolar disorder is seizures.
Orthostatic hypotension is a common side effect of ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, beta-blockers, diuretics, and antidiarrheals.
Beta-blockers decrease blood pressure and heart rate, thereby relieving symptoms associated with conditions like hypertension and angina.
The suffix "-olol" indicates a beta-blocker. The suffix "-pril" indicates an ACE inhibitor. The suffix "-statin" indicates a lipid-lowering agent. The suffix "-ide" indicates a diuretic.
The therapeutic range for digoxin is 0.5 - 2 ng/mL.
Montelukast, a leukotriene antagonist, decreases the frequency and severity of acute asthma attacks.
Clopidogrel is a platelet aggregation inhibitor used to prevent thromboembolic events.
Common side effects of the laxative sennosides include cramping and diarrhea.
Amlodipine is a calcium channel blocker used to manage hypertension and angina.
Insulin glargine is administered subcutaneously.
Heparin is classified as an anticoagulant.
Furosemide, a loop diuretic, has the therapeutic effects of increasing urine output and decreasing blood pressure.
Metformin is also known by the brand name Glucophage.
Albuterol is a bronchodilator used to manage asthma and other respiratory conditions.
Captopril is an example of an ACE inhibitor.
Propranolol is a beta-blocker, which means it blocks the effects of the sympathetic nervous system.
Increasing fiber intake, increasing activity, and increasing fluid intake can all help improve bowel regulation.
Montelukast is a leukotriene antagonist, used to manage asthma and other respiratory conditions.
Digoxin should be held if the patient's blood pressure is less than 80 mmHg.
Before administering propranolol intravenously, a second practitioner should check the original order, calculations, and infusion pump.
If a patient misses a dose of levothyroxine, they should take the missed dose as soon as possible, unless it is almost time for the next scheduled dose.
Levothyroxine is used to replace thyroid hormone in patients with hypothyroidism, restoring normal hormonal balance.
Before administering levothyroxine, the nurse should assess the patient's weight and mental status.
Potential side effects of the bronchodilator albuterol include chest pain and tremors.
Lithium is classified as a mood stabilizer, used to treat bipolar disorder.
Patients should be instructed not to skip doses of montelukast, even if they do not feel asthma symptoms.
The most serious side effect of lithium is seizures, which can occur with lithium toxicity.
When administering regular insulin, the nurse should instruct the patient to inject the insulin subcutaneously, as the solution should not be shaken and will appear clear.
Acetylcysteine is the medication administered to treat an acetaminophen overdose.
Early signs of lithium toxicity include nausea, muscle weakness, and renal failure.
A receptor agonist activates the receptor, leading to a physiological response.
Pharmacology Concepts
The maximal response a drug can produce is known as its efficacy. Efficacy refers to the maximum effect a drug can have, regardless of the dose. In contrast, potency refers to the amount of a drug required to produce a given effect. An agonist is a drug that binds to a receptor and produces a biological response, while bioavailability is the fraction of an administered dose of a drug that reaches the systemic circulation.
The major adverse/side effects of regular insulin include: - Hypoglycemia - Hypokalemia - Anaphylaxis
The drug valproate can suppress seizure activity and decrease the frequency of migraine headaches.
Metformin is classified as a biguanide , which is a type of antidiabetic medication.
The only type of insulin that can be given intravenously (IV) is regular insulin.
The therapeutic range for lithium is 0.5-2.0 mEq/L.
The antidote for Alprazolam, a benzodiazepine, is flumazenil.
Valproate is classified as an anticonvulsant.
A severe adverse effect of warfarin, an anticoagulant, is bleeding.
Omeprazole should be administered in the morning on an empty stomach.
The medication that requires the nurse to teach the patient to take their own pulse is digoxin.
Thyroid preparations are classified as thyroid preparations.
A serious adverse reaction to penicillin is anaphylaxis.
The therapeutic action of phenytoin is as an anticonvulsant.
Patients taking ACE inhibitors should avoid foods high in potassium.
The antidote for an opioid overdose is naloxone.
The most life-threatening adverse reaction to omeprazole is acute interstitial nephritis.
The symptom that would alert the nurse to hold albuterol and notify a healthcare professional immediately is paradoxical bronchospasm.
One therapeutic use of nitroglycerin is for the relief or prevention of anginal attacks.
Penicillin is classified as an anti-infective.
One of the therapeutic uses of valproate is for the suppression of seizure activity.
The peak range of regular insulin is 1 - 3 hours.
Pharmacodynamics refers to the drugs' actions at receptor sites and the physiological, chemical, and behavioral effects produced by these actions.
ACE inhibitors block the conversion of angiotensin I to the vasoconstrictor angiotensin II.
Warfarin is an anticoagulant that prevents the structure of blood clots from being formed.
The routes of administration options include IV, IM, PO, and sublingual.
The therapeutic effect of warfarin is to prevent thromboembolic events.
The expected pharmacological action of propranolol is to block stimulation of beta1 and beta.
Medications that can interact with warfarin include antacids.
When giving a patient clopidogrel, the nurse should monitor for signs of thrombotic thrombolytic purpura, bleeding during therapy, and CBC with differential and platelet count.
When teaching a patient how to prepare an inhaler, the nurse should instruct them to shake the inhaler for 5 seconds.
Montelukast does not have a therapeutic effect of decreasing anxiety attacks.
Patients should avoid taking antacids or antidiarrheals for 2 hours after taking digoxin.
The peak time for atropine with IM injection is 15-50 minutes.
The serum therapeutic range for digoxin is 0.5 to 2.0 ng/mL.
When discontinuing a beta blocker, the nurse should instruct the patient that the beta blocker should NOT be abruptly stopped; the dose should be tapered down.
The first-line drug for treating hypertension might be an ACE inhibitor.
The client is experiencing drug tolerance , which is when the client does not get the same relief as they used to with the pain medication.
Lithium is classified as a mood stabilizer.
The therapeutic use of digoxin is to increase cardiac output and slow the heart rate.
Insulin can be administered IV, IM, PO, and SubQ.
Potential adverse reactions to montelukast include Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.
Metformin is classified as an antidiabetic medication.
A side effect of alprazolam that is not common is insomnia.
The antidote for warfarin is vitamin K.
The therapeutic effect of ondansetron is to decrease the incidence and severity of nausea and vomiting.
The normal therapeutic serum digoxin level range is 0.5-2 ng/mL.
The most common side effect of insulin is hypoglycemia.
Lithium is classified as a mood stabilizer.
The routes of administration for medications include PO, IV, Rectal, and IM.
The therapeutic range for lithium is 0.6-1 mEq/L.