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Pharmacology Study Guide: Key Drugs, Actions, and Nursing Considerations, Exercises of Biology

This comprehensive study guide provides a detailed overview of various pharmacological principles and therapeutic applications. It covers key drugs, their mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, adverse effects, nursing interventions, and important considerations for safe and effective medication administration. The guide is particularly useful for students and professionals in the field of nursing and healthcare.

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2023/2024

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Pharmacological Principles and
Therapeutic Applications
Pharmacology (Chamberlain University)
StuDocu
Senna
When administering the drug senna to a patient, a health care provider must
inform the patient of the following:
This drug is not intended for long-term use.
The patient must limit their fiber intake.
Advise the patient to change positions slowly to limit the risk of
orthostatic hypotension.
Digoxin
When giving digoxin (Lanoxin) to a patient, the health care provider notices
various signs and symptoms of an overdose. The health care provider knows
to give Digibind to reverse digoxin toxicity.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
The action of an ACE inhibitor is to lower blood pressure by blocking the
conversion of angiotensin I to vasoconstrictor angiotensin II.
Insulin
The "long-acting" type of insulin is Glargine (Lantus).
Metformin
The therapeutic use of metformin is to maintain a person's blood glucose.
Drug Absorption
The correct definition for absorption of a drug is the movement of the drug
from the site of administration to various tissues of the body.
Valproate
When assessing a patient on Valproate, the healthcare provider should
monitor for suicidal thoughts, seizures, and bipolar disorder.
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Pharmacological Principles and

Therapeutic Applications

Pharmacology (Chamberlain University)

StuDocu

Senna

When administering the drug senna to a patient, a health care provider must inform the patient of the following:

This drug is not intended for long-term use. The patient must limit their fiber intake. Advise the patient to change positions slowly to limit the risk of orthostatic hypotension.

Digoxin

When giving digoxin (Lanoxin) to a patient, the health care provider notices various signs and symptoms of an overdose. The health care provider knows to give Digibind to reverse digoxin toxicity.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors

The action of an ACE inhibitor is to lower blood pressure by blocking the conversion of angiotensin I to vasoconstrictor angiotensin II.

Insulin

The "long-acting" type of insulin is Glargine (Lantus).

Metformin

The therapeutic use of metformin is to maintain a person's blood glucose.

Drug Absorption

The correct definition for absorption of a drug is the movement of the drug from the site of administration to various tissues of the body.

Valproate

When assessing a patient on Valproate, the healthcare provider should monitor for suicidal thoughts, seizures, and bipolar disorder.

Food and Drug Precautions

Certain combinations of food and drugs can cause adverse reactions. Precautions may require limiting certain types of food or concurrent drugs rather than restricting the drug itself. When one drug changes the way another drug affects that drug.

ACE Inhibitors

ACE Inhibitors are used in the treatment of hypertension, heart failure, and diabetic nephropathy, but not hypotension.

Migraine Headaches

Anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) are used to treat migraine headaches.

Serotonin Antagonists

When administering a Serotonin Antagonist, it is important to monitor for mental status changes.

Heparin Antidote

The antidote for Heparin is Protamine sulfate.

Opioid Toxicity

If a patient has taken an overdose of the opioid analgesic hydrocodone, the antidote is Naloxone.

Levothyroxine

When educating a patient on taking levothyroxine, the healthcare provider should instruct the patient to take it at the same time every day.

Anxiety and Panic Attacks

Alprazolam (Xanax) may be helpful for a patient experiencing anxiety and panic attacks.

Opioids and NSAIDs

Acetaminophen is not an opioid or NSAID.

ACE Inhibitors and Monitoring

When using ACE inhibitors, it is important to monitor the patient's ins and outs to assess for potential renal impairment.

Antiulcer Agents

When administering Antiulcer Agents, the healthcare provider should be more cautious when giving them to elderly patients and patients with renal failure.

Nitroglycerine

The common side effect that is normal with the initial therapy of Nitroglycerine due to increased vasodilation is headache.

Warfarin Monitoring

Two tests that should be monitored for a patient on Warfarin are PT and INR.

Diuretics

The diuretic that inhibits sodium reabsorption in the kidneys while saving K+ and Hydrogen ions is Spironolactone.

Propranolol Administration

If a patient's apical pulse is documented as 58 bpm, the nurse should withhold administration of Propranolol and notify the physician.

Diuretic Monitoring

When a patient is taking diuretics, the nurse should monitor their daily weight, intake and output, and amount and location of edema.

Digoxin

Digoxin has a therapeutic effect that increases cardiac output and slows heart rate.

Warfarin Antidote

The antidote for Warfarin is Vitamin K.

Transdermal Patch Instructions

The nurse should instruct the client to rotate the application sites weekly when using transdermal patches.

Prednisone Adverse Effects

The nurse should instruct the client taking long-term oral prednisone for chronic asthma to monitor for weight gain as an adverse effect.

Digoxin Adverse Effects

The nurse should instruct the patient taking Digoxin to monitor and report fatigue, anorexia, and diplopia as adverse effects.

Heparin Antidote

The antidote for Heparin is Protamine.

Phenytoin

Phenytoin has an unlabeled use for neuropathic pain.

Digoxin Toxicity

Low levels of potassium can cause toxicity when taking Digoxin.

Valproate

Valproate is an anticonvulsant and vascular headache suppressant.

Nitroglycerine

When taking Nitroglycerine (transdermal), you should have 10-12 hours nitrate free each day.

Phenytoin Monitoring

When administering Phenytoin, the nurse should monitor the patient's behavior, therapeutic blood levels, and for Stevens-Johnson syndrome.

Angiotensin II Receptor Agents

Angiotensin II receptor agents medications usually end in "-sartan".

Lithium Therapeutic Effects

The therapeutic effects of Lithium are to prevent/decrease the incidence of acute manic episodes.

Metformin Action

The action of Metformin is to decrease intestinal glucose absorption and increase sensitivity to insulin.

Propranolol Effectiveness

Propranolol is effective in decreasing blood pressure and preventing myocardial infarction.

Examples of antiemetic drugs include ondansetron, metoclopramide, and prochlorperazine.

Antiulcer Agents

Antiulcer agents are used to treat and prevent gastric and duodenal ulcers. They work by reducing stomach acid production or protecting the stomach lining. Examples of antiulcer agents include proton pump inhibitors (e.g., omeprazole) and H2-receptor antagonists (e.g., ranitidine).

Antithrombotic Drugs

Antithrombotic drugs are used to prevent or treat thromboembolic events, such as deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. They work by interfering with the blood clotting process. Examples of antithrombotic drugs include warfarin, heparin, and clopidogrel.

Iron Supplements

Iron supplements are used to treat and prevent iron deficiency anemia. They should be taken one hour before or two hours after meals, with a full glass of water or juice, and without caffeine.

Valproate

Valproate is an anticonvulsant drug used primarily to treat seizure disorders, such as epilepsy. It works by stabilizing the electrical activity in the brain, preventing seizure activity.

Digoxin

Digoxin is a cardiac glycoside used to treat heart failure and certain types of arrhythmias. Before administering digoxin, the nurse should count the patient's apical pulse for one minute to ensure it is within the appropriate range.

Heparin Overdose

In the case of a heparin overdose, the antidote is protamine sulfate, which neutralizes the anticoagulant effects of heparin.

Loop Diuretics (Furosemide)

The serious adverse reaction associated with the loop diuretic furosemide is Stevens-Johnson syndrome, a severe skin reaction.

ACE Inhibitors

If a patient is taking an ACE inhibitor, the nurse should monitor for signs of angioedema, which include difficulty breathing.

Propranolol

Propranolol, a beta-blocker, is used off-label (unlabeled use) for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Medication Naming Conventions

Drugs with the suffix "-ale" are typically antihypertensive agents. Drugs with the suffix "-olol" are typically beta-blockers. Drugs with the suffix "-pril" are typically ACE inhibitors. Drugs with the suffix "-ide" are typically diuretics.

Phenytoin

A common side effect of the anticonvulsant drug phenytoin is tremors.

Lithium

The therapeutic use of lithium is to decrease the incidence of acute manic episodes in patients with bipolar disorder.

Opioid Overdose

Naloxone is the drug used to reverse the effects of an opioid overdose.

NSAID Use

Patients with peptic ulcers should stop taking NSAIDs, as they can exacerbate the condition.

Medication Administration Rights

The seven rights of medication administration are: right patient, right drug, right dose, right route, right time, right reason, and right documentation.

Tylenol (Acetaminophen)

Tylenol (acetaminophen) is classified as a non-opioid analgesic, used for pain relief and fever reduction.

Lithium Side Effects

The major side effect to monitor for in patients taking lithium for bipolar disorder is seizures.

Orthostatic Hypotension

Orthostatic hypotension is a common side effect of ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, beta-blockers, diuretics, and antidiarrheals.

Beta-Blocker Effects

Beta-blockers decrease blood pressure and heart rate, thereby relieving symptoms associated with conditions like hypertension and angina.

Medication Naming Conventions

The suffix "-olol" indicates a beta-blocker. The suffix "-pril" indicates an ACE inhibitor. The suffix "-statin" indicates a lipid-lowering agent. The suffix "-ide" indicates a diuretic.

Digoxin Therapeutic Levels

The therapeutic range for digoxin is 0.5 - 2 ng/mL.

Montelukast Therapeutic Effect

Montelukast, a leukotriene antagonist, decreases the frequency and severity of acute asthma attacks.

Platelet Aggregation Inhibitor

Clopidogrel is a platelet aggregation inhibitor used to prevent thromboembolic events.

Sennosides Side Effects

Common side effects of the laxative sennosides include cramping and diarrhea.

Amlodipine Therapeutic Use

Amlodipine is a calcium channel blocker used to manage hypertension and angina.

Insulin Glargine Route

Insulin glargine is administered subcutaneously.

Heparin Classification

Heparin is classified as an anticoagulant.

Furosemide Therapeutic Effects

Furosemide, a loop diuretic, has the therapeutic effects of increasing urine output and decreasing blood pressure.

Metformin Other Names

Metformin is also known by the brand name Glucophage.

Albuterol Therapeutic Effect

Albuterol is a bronchodilator used to manage asthma and other respiratory conditions.

ACE Inhibitor Examples

Captopril is an example of an ACE inhibitor.

Propranolol Pharmacological Action

Propranolol is a beta-blocker, which means it blocks the effects of the sympathetic nervous system.

Bowel Regulation

Increasing fiber intake, increasing activity, and increasing fluid intake can all help improve bowel regulation.

Montelukast Pharmacologic Category

Montelukast is a leukotriene antagonist, used to manage asthma and other respiratory conditions.

Digoxin Blood Pressure Threshold

Digoxin should be held if the patient's blood pressure is less than 80 mmHg.

Propranolol IV Administration

Before administering propranolol intravenously, a second practitioner should check the original order, calculations, and infusion pump.

Levothyroxine Missed Dose

If a patient misses a dose of levothyroxine, they should take the missed dose as soon as possible, unless it is almost time for the next scheduled dose.

Levothyroxine Therapeutic Use

Levothyroxine is used to replace thyroid hormone in patients with hypothyroidism, restoring normal hormonal balance.

Levothyroxine Administration Considerations

Before administering levothyroxine, the nurse should assess the patient's weight and mental status.

Albuterol Side Effects

Potential side effects of the bronchodilator albuterol include chest pain and tremors.

Lithium Pharmacologic Classification

Lithium is classified as a mood stabilizer, used to treat bipolar disorder.

Montelukast Patient Education

Patients should be instructed not to skip doses of montelukast, even if they do not feel asthma symptoms.

Lithium Toxicity

The most serious side effect of lithium is seizures, which can occur with lithium toxicity.

Regular Insulin Administration

When administering regular insulin, the nurse should instruct the patient to inject the insulin subcutaneously, as the solution should not be shaken and will appear clear.

Acetaminophen Overdose Treatment

Acetylcysteine is the medication administered to treat an acetaminophen overdose.

Early Lithium Toxicity Manifestations

Early signs of lithium toxicity include nausea, muscle weakness, and renal failure.

Receptor Agonist Action

A receptor agonist activates the receptor, leading to a physiological response.

Pharmacology Concepts

Potency, Agonist, Efficacy, and Bioavailability

The maximal response a drug can produce is known as its efficacy. Efficacy refers to the maximum effect a drug can have, regardless of the dose. In contrast, potency refers to the amount of a drug required to produce a given effect. An agonist is a drug that binds to a receptor and produces a biological response, while bioavailability is the fraction of an administered dose of a drug that reaches the systemic circulation.

Adverse Effects of Regular Insulin

The major adverse/side effects of regular insulin include: - Hypoglycemia - Hypokalemia - Anaphylaxis

Drugs for Seizures and Migraines

The drug valproate can suppress seizure activity and decrease the frequency of migraine headaches.

Pharmacological Classification of Metformin

Metformin is classified as a biguanide , which is a type of antidiabetic medication.

Types of Insulin

The only type of insulin that can be given intravenously (IV) is regular insulin.

Therapeutic Range for Lithium

The therapeutic range for lithium is 0.5-2.0 mEq/L.

Antidote for Alprazolam

The antidote for Alprazolam, a benzodiazepine, is flumazenil.

Classification of Valproate

Valproate is classified as an anticonvulsant.

Adverse Effect of Warfarin

A severe adverse effect of warfarin, an anticoagulant, is bleeding.

Timing of Omeprazole Administration

Omeprazole should be administered in the morning on an empty stomach.

Medication Requiring Pulse Monitoring

The medication that requires the nurse to teach the patient to take their own pulse is digoxin.

Pharmacological Classification of Thyroid Preparations

Thyroid preparations are classified as thyroid preparations.

Serious Adverse Reaction to Penicillin

A serious adverse reaction to penicillin is anaphylaxis.

Therapeutic Action of Phenytoin

The therapeutic action of phenytoin is as an anticonvulsant.

Dietary Considerations with ACE Inhibitors

Patients taking ACE inhibitors should avoid foods high in potassium.

Antidote for Opioid Overdose

The antidote for an opioid overdose is naloxone.

Serious Adverse Reaction to Omeprazole

The most life-threatening adverse reaction to omeprazole is acute interstitial nephritis.

Symptom Requiring Holding Albuterol

The symptom that would alert the nurse to hold albuterol and notify a healthcare professional immediately is paradoxical bronchospasm.

Therapeutic Use of Nitroglycerin

One therapeutic use of nitroglycerin is for the relief or prevention of anginal attacks.

Classification of Penicillin

Penicillin is classified as an anti-infective.

Therapeutic Uses of Valproate

One of the therapeutic uses of valproate is for the suppression of seizure activity.

Peak Range of Regular Insulin

The peak range of regular insulin is 1 - 3 hours.

Definition of Pharmacodynamics

Pharmacodynamics refers to the drugs' actions at receptor sites and the physiological, chemical, and behavioral effects produced by these actions.

Mechanism of ACE Inhibitors

ACE inhibitors block the conversion of angiotensin I to the vasoconstrictor angiotensin II.

Mechanism of Warfarin

Warfarin is an anticoagulant that prevents the structure of blood clots from being formed.

Route of Administration Options

The routes of administration options include IV, IM, PO, and sublingual.

Therapeutic Effect of Warfarin

The therapeutic effect of warfarin is to prevent thromboembolic events.

Expected Pharmacological Action of Propranolol

The expected pharmacological action of propranolol is to block stimulation of beta1 and beta.

Interactions with Warfarin

Medications that can interact with warfarin include antacids.

Monitoring for Clopidogrel

When giving a patient clopidogrel, the nurse should monitor for signs of thrombotic thrombolytic purpura, bleeding during therapy, and CBC with differential and platelet count.

Inhaler Preparation Instructions

When teaching a patient how to prepare an inhaler, the nurse should instruct them to shake the inhaler for 5 seconds.

Therapeutic Effect of Montelukast

Montelukast does not have a therapeutic effect of decreasing anxiety attacks.

Timing of Antacids/Antidiarrheals with Digoxin

Patients should avoid taking antacids or antidiarrheals for 2 hours after taking digoxin.

Peak Time for Atropine IM Injection

The peak time for atropine with IM injection is 15-50 minutes.

Therapeutic Range for Digoxin

The serum therapeutic range for digoxin is 0.5 to 2.0 ng/mL.

Instructions for Discontinuing Beta Blockers

When discontinuing a beta blocker, the nurse should instruct the patient that the beta blocker should NOT be abruptly stopped; the dose should be tapered down.

First-Line Drug for Hypertension

The first-line drug for treating hypertension might be an ACE inhibitor.

Concept of Drug Tolerance

The client is experiencing drug tolerance , which is when the client does not get the same relief as they used to with the pain medication.

Classification of Lithium

Lithium is classified as a mood stabilizer.

Therapeutic Use of Digoxin

The therapeutic use of digoxin is to increase cardiac output and slow the heart rate.

Route of Administration for Insulin

Insulin can be administered IV, IM, PO, and SubQ.

Adverse Reaction to Montelukast

Potential adverse reactions to montelukast include Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.

Pharmacological Classification of Metformin

Metformin is classified as an antidiabetic medication.

Side Effects of Alprazolam

A side effect of alprazolam that is not common is insomnia.

Antidote for Warfarin

The antidote for warfarin is vitamin K.

Therapeutic Effect of Ondansetron

The therapeutic effect of ondansetron is to decrease the incidence and severity of nausea and vomiting.

Therapeutic Serum Digoxin Level Range

The normal therapeutic serum digoxin level range is 0.5-2 ng/mL.

Most Common Side Effect of Insulin

The most common side effect of insulin is hypoglycemia.

Classification of Lithium

Lithium is classified as a mood stabilizer.

Routes of Administration

The routes of administration for medications include PO, IV, Rectal, and IM.

Therapeutic Range for Lithium

The therapeutic range for lithium is 0.6-1 mEq/L.