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Philosophy 347 Final Exam: The Problem of Evil and Religion and Morality, Exams of Philosophy

Miami University – HamiltonPhilosophy

A comprehensive overview of the philosophical problem of evil, exploring various arguments and objections related to the existence of evil in a world created by an omnipotent and benevolent god. It delves into the free will defense, epicurus's argument, mackie's logical argument, and plantinga's response. The document also examines the relationship between religion and morality, discussing the euthyphro dilemma, aquinas's solution, and the role of arguments and experience in religious belief.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 11/06/2024

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Phil 347 FINAL exam with correct answers
The logical problem of evil - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔The world is full of evil-
theist and athesit agree. All knowing god knows there is evil, all good being would
stop it and all powerful could stop it. All three can not stay if evil exists.
Free will defense - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔God maximized the goodness in
the world by creating free being. A free being means that we have the choice to do
evil things- A choice that some of us exercise. This preserves Gods goodness
because he created the best possible world by making us free and preserves his
knowledge and power becuase he knows about evil and could stop it but wants to
maintain our freedom. The issue with this is that it only focuses on moral evil
which is evil committed on purpose by humans. This does not resolve the issue of
natural evil like earthquakes.
Epicurus Restated - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔1) If God is almighty, he can
remove all evil.
2) If God is all good, he would will to remove all evil
3) But there is Evil
4C) Hence, it isn't the case that God is almighty and all good.
Epicurus and the problem of evil - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS **✔✔God is either:
1) Wills but is unable
2) Able and unwilling
3) Neither willing nor able
4) He is both willing and able
If (1) He is feeble, not a characteristic of God.
If (2) He is envious, not a characteristic of God.
If (3) He is both envious and feeble, not a characteristic of God
If (4) which is the only possible one suitable for God, from what source are evils or
why does He not remove them?
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Phil 347 FINAL exam with correct answers

The logical problem of evil - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ The world is full of evil- theist and athesit agree. All knowing god knows there is evil, all good being would stop it and all powerful could stop it. All three can not stay if evil exists. Free will defense - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ God maximized the goodness in the world by creating free being. A free being means that we have the choice to do evil things- A choice that some of us exercise. This preserves Gods goodness because he created the best possible world by making us free and preserves his knowledge and power becuase he knows about evil and could stop it but wants to maintain our freedom. The issue with this is that it only focuses on moral evil which is evil committed on purpose by humans. This does not resolve the issue of natural evil like earthquakes. Epicurus Restated - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ 1) If God is almighty, he can remove all evil.

  1. If God is all good, he would will to remove all evil
  2. But there is Evil 4C) Hence, it isn't the case that God is almighty and all good. Epicurus and the problem of evil - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ God is either:
  3. Wills but is unable
  4. Able and unwilling
  5. Neither willing nor able
  6. He is both willing and able If (1) He is feeble, not a characteristic of God. If (2) He is envious, not a characteristic of God. If (3) He is both envious and feeble, not a characteristic of God If (4) which is the only possible one suitable for God, from what source are evils or why does He not remove them?

Mackie Restated - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ 1) God is Omni potent

  1. God is Wholly good
  2. Evil Exists
  3. A good thing always eliminates (prevents the occurrence of) evil as far as it can
  4. There are no limits to what an omnipotnent thing can do
  5. Hence a good, omnipotent thing eliminates evil completely
  6. Hence contradiction Trans World Depravity - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Consider all possible (not actual) worlds in which you always choose the right. In all those, there will be a subpart of the world that says you were free to choose a certain right or wrong action, but does not say whether you chose it. If that subpart were actual (in the real world), then you'd chose the wrong. Objection to Plantinga (Which philosopher said this??) - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ 1)There are possible worlds in which people freely do only good.
  7. Only works if it is part of traditional theism that Gods Omnibenevolence implies that God would prevent all evil. Plantingas Free will defense (A response to Mackies Logical argument from evil) - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ He wants to offer a cause and effect for the proof of 1-3. He needs to stay consistent with 1 and 2 and together with 1 and 2 imply 3. He does this by use of Trans World Depravity.
  8. An omnipotent, all good God Exists.
  9. Possible every poerson suffers from trans world depravity
  10. God actualizes a world with moral good 4C) Evil exists.
  1. That being wouldnt will any human to be unhappy
  2. That being would will all to be happy Evidental Argument from Evil Step 1 - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ 1) If an omnigod exists then there will be no pointless evil
  3. There is pointless evil
  4. Therefore an omnigod does not exist Skeptical Theism Objection - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Human lack the cognitive resources needed to determine whether it is pointless evil The Evidental Problem of Evil - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ * Step 1
  1. If an omnigod exists then ether will be no pointless evil
  2. There is pointless evil
  3. Therefore an omnigod does not exist
  • Step 2
  1. It is rational to believe "If A then not B"
  2. It is rational to believe B
  3. It is rational to believe "not A" If God were truly good and if a negative contrast were really needed in order for us to understand the goodness of the world, then why wouldn't he just give us the very minimum dosage of necessary evil to achieve this goal? Religion and Morality - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Religion and Morality Question 1 - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Can there be an objective morality if there is no God? Answer- Yes - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Plato(Dialogue) and Kant

Plato's Euthyphro Dilemma - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Is the good good because God has willed it or has God willed it because it is good? Option 1 to the E dilemma and what does it imply? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ An action is good because God has willed it. Therefore good would then become contingent and not necessary. Hence what is good could become evil or visa versa. Option 2 to the E dilemma and what does it imply? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ An action is good because it is intrinsically good and that is becuase God wills it. Hence God would not be the source of all goodness. The good would be independent of God. Hence the good becomes independent. Aquinas Solution: - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ This is a flase dilemma which is when the two horns do not exhaust all possibilities to the dilemma. He is implying there is a third option Aquinas 3rd option - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Given you accept divine simplicity, it follows that God is strictly identical to goodness. But the Euthypro dilemma presupposes that God is not identical to goodness. Aquinas says neither of these within the dilemma, god is the good. Question 2 - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Do humans need to believe in God in order to live normal lives? Question 3 - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Does belief in God corrupt the moral life? (or Christian belief or any at that matter) Religion and Arguments - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Religion and arguments John Locke - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Essay (1690) - Classical Foundatialism Classical Foundationalism - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ A belief is rational given three conditions

Pragmatism (William James) - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ A belief can be legitimate if it has certain practical consequences Theistic Existentialism (Kirkeguard, Pastel) - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ The heart may have reasons which reasons knows nothing about. Question 2 - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Can theistic belief be rational in the absence of arguments? Depends on your standard of rationality. Plantingas model - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Aquinas Calvin Model (AC Model) Aquinas Calvin Model - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ If true, then the christian belief is true. Suppose God gave you your cognitive functions. --Suppose when functioning properly they will yield a belief in God. Therefore the belief in God/Christianity is rational is known to be true. --Suppose you just have matter. Your cognitive faculties will produce a belief in God. Then religious belief is not rational and of course not known to be true. It is an illusion. Religion and Experience - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Religion and Experience Question 1) - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Can belief in God be legitimate in the absence of arguments? Anwser from reformed epistemology - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Yes Provided

  1. it seems time to a subject and 2) there are no known defeaters. Argument from experience - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Yes provided that 1) it seems to the subject that God is present and 2) this seeming amount falsified in any obvious fusion Swinbornes principle of Generality - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ If it seems to S that X is present, then X is probably present (then S can justify take it to be the case that x is present)

Alstons Principle of credulity - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ It it seems to S that X is present the S is justified in believing that x is present Objection 1 - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ There are no agreed upon test for verifying these systems Reply 1 - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Moral convictions don't pass the verification tests Objection 2 - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Experience is deceptive Reply 2 - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Well then we would have to reject all science Objection 3 - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ Experience of God can be explained as the result of sociological or psychological factors. Reply 3 - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS ** ✔✔ If you know where your conciseness is from you would learn to despise it as much as you despise sin.