Docsity
Log inSign up
Docsity
Prepare for your exams
Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity

Earn points to download
Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan

Guidelines and tips
Guidelines and tips
Sell on Docsity
Sell on Docsity
Log inSign up

Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity

Find documents

Prepare for your exams with the study notes shared by other students like you on Docsity

Search Store documents

The best documents sold by students who completed their studies

Search through all study resources
Docsity AINEW

Summarize your documents, ask them questions, convert them into quizzes and concept maps

Explore questions

Clear up your doubts by reading the answers to questions asked by your fellow students

Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan

Share documents
download point icon20 Points

For each uploaded document

Answer questions
download point icon5 Points

For each given answer (max 1 per day)

All the ways to get free points
Get points immediately

Choose a premium plan with all the points you need

Study Opportunities

Choose your next study program

Get in touch with the best universities in the world. Search through thousands of universities and official partners

Community

Ask the community

Ask the community for help and clear up your study doubts

University Rankings

Discover the best universities in your country according to Docsity users

Free resources

Our save-the-student-ebooks!

Download our free guides on studying techniques, anxiety management strategies, and thesis advice from Docsity tutors

From our blog

Exams and Study
Go to the blog

Liver and Pancreas Digestive Functions: Comprehensive Q&A, Exams of Biology

North Carolina State University (NCSU)Biology

A comprehensive set of questions and answers related to the digestive functions of the liver and pancreas. It covers key topics such as liver functions (filtration, metabolism, bile formation), liver diseases (cirrhosis, jaundice), bile secretion and function, pancreatic enzyme secretion, and the roles of hormones like cck and secretin in regulating digestive processes. The material is presented in a clear, question-and-answer format, making it an excellent resource for students studying gastrointestinal physiology. It includes detailed explanations of various physiological processes, such as bilirubin excretion, bile salt formation, and the mechanisms of pancreatic enzyme secretion. The document also addresses clinical conditions like ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, and cystic fibrosis, linking physiological concepts to clinical relevance. This makes it a valuable tool for understanding the complexities of liver and pancreatic function in digestion.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 06/03/2025

BetaTutors
BetaTutors 🇺🇸

4.5

(4)

1.5K documents

1 / 6

Toggle sidebar

This page cannot be seen from the preview

Don't miss anything!

bg1
PHY 503: DIGESTIVE FUNCTIONS TEST 2 QUESTIONS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
What are the major functions of the liver? -- Answer ✔✔ filtration and storage of blood,
metabolism of nutrients, formation of bile, storage of vitamins and iron, formation of
coagulation factors
Why do liver disease or vitamin K deficiency lead to bleeding abnormalities? -- Answer
✔✔ liver requires vitamin K to synthesize clotting factors
What percentage of hepatic blood supply comes from the hepatic artery and what
percentage from the portal vein? -- Answer ✔✔ 25% from hepatic artery, 75% from
portal vein
What are sinusoids? -- Answer ✔✔ leaky capillaries in the liver that allow the organ to
filter blood and produce lymph
What happens if blood pressure in the liver sinusoids is elevated? -- Answer ✔✔ lymph
production will increase
What is ascites? -- Answer ✔✔ accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity caused by
increased liver lymph production due to elevated portal vein pressure
What are Kupffer cells? -- Answer ✔✔ resident liver phagocytes that engulf and remove
microbes and particulates from the blood
What are the main signals for elevating hepatic output of glucose? -- Answer ✔✔
increase in portal vein glucagon and decrease in insulin
pf3
pf4
pf5

Partial preview of the text

Download Liver and Pancreas Digestive Functions: Comprehensive Q&A and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity!

PHY 503: DIGESTIVE FUNCTIONS TEST 2 QUESTIONS WITH

COMPLETE SOLUTIONS

What are the major functions of the liver? -- Answer ✔✔ filtration and storage of blood, metabolism of nutrients, formation of bile, storage of vitamins and iron, formation of coagulation factors Why do liver disease or vitamin K deficiency lead to bleeding abnormalities? -- Answer ✔✔ liver requires vitamin K to synthesize clotting factors What percentage of hepatic blood supply comes from the hepatic artery and what percentage from the portal vein? -- Answer ✔✔ 25% from hepatic artery, 75% from portal vein What are sinusoids? -- Answer ✔✔ leaky capillaries in the liver that allow the organ to filter blood and produce lymph What happens if blood pressure in the liver sinusoids is elevated? -- Answer ✔✔ lymph production will increase What is ascites? -- Answer ✔✔ accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity caused by increased liver lymph production due to elevated portal vein pressure What are Kupffer cells? -- Answer ✔✔ resident liver phagocytes that engulf and remove microbes and particulates from the blood What are the main signals for elevating hepatic output of glucose? -- Answer ✔✔ increase in portal vein glucagon and decrease in insulin

What happens to hepatic glucose output if SNS innervation to the liver is severed? -- Answer ✔✔ it does not have any effect, you will still get hepatic glucose output What is the role of the liver in metabolism of ammonia? -- Answer ✔✔ converts ammonia to urea, which can be excreted by the kidneys What happens if ammonia is not converted to urea by the liver? -- Answer ✔✔ hepatic encephalopathy What is cirrhosis? -- Answer ✔✔ chronic liver disease in which normal liver cells are damaged and replaced by scar tissue, which leads to clotting problems, jaundice, and peripheral edema/ascites How does alcohol abuse lead to cirrhosis? -- Answer ✔✔ causes fat accumulation within hepatocytes, which results in steatohepatitis that leads to inflammation and scarring How does cirrhosis cause ascites? -- Answer ✔✔ loss of functional hepatocytes means less production of albumin and lower plasma colloid osmotic pressure; scar tissue increases portal vein pressure and resistance to blood flow, promoting fluid filtration from the blood to the tissues; body then stimulates RAAS to try and raise blood volume How is bilirubin excreted in the urine and stool? -- Answer ✔✔ 1) in the intestine, about half of conjugated bilirubin is converted to the highly soluble urobilinogen form

  1. some urobilinogen is reabsorbed, and most is then re-excreted by the liver back into the gut
  2. oxidation of urobilinogen converts it to urobilin, which is excreted in urine and gives it yellow color
  3. urobilinogen can also be oxidized to stercobilin, which is excreted in stool and makes it brown What is bilirubin? -- Answer ✔✔ breakdown product of hemoglobin How does bilirubin get to the liver? -- Answer ✔✔ free bilirubin combines with albumin in the plasma and is transported through the blood and interstitial fluid, and taken up by hepatocytes as blood flows through the liver

What are the functions of exocrine pancreatic secretions in digestion? -- Answer ✔✔ neutralize acid in the small intestine to prevent damage to duodenum, and digest macromolecules to absorbable forms What are the different duct structures in the pancreas? -- Answer ✔✔ 1) intercalated ducts that receive secretions from acinar cells

  1. intralobar ducts that receive secretions from intercalated ducts
  2. interlobar ducts that receive secretions from intralobar ducts
  3. main pancreatic duct where all other ducts drain, which also adds mucins to the secretions and connects to the GI lumen The central acinar cell at the acinar-ductal junction in the pancreas expresses high levels of what? -- Answer ✔✔ carbonic anhydrase; suggests a role in HCO3- secretion alongside ductal cells How much must pancreatic enzyme secretion be reduced by to cause pancreatic insufficiency? -- Answer ✔✔ ~85% (10-15% of normal) What are the three main pancreatic enzymes for lipid digestion? -- Answer ✔✔ 1) pancreatic lipase --> breaks down larger fats to FFAs and monoglycerides
  4. phospholipase --> breaks down phospholipids to FFAs
  5. cholesterol esterase --> breaks down cholesterol esters to FFAs What happens when pancreatic acinar cels are not stimulated by secretagogues? -- Answer ✔✔ they will secrete low levels of digestive enzymes through a constitutive secretory pathway What happens when pancreatic acinar cells are stimulated by neural or hormonal secretagogues? -- Answer ✔✔ secretion of enzymes will occur through a regulated secretory pathway, with either monophasic or biphasic secretion patterns depending on what is being secreted What is monophasic secretion? -- Answer ✔✔ secretion that reaches a maximum level and does not decrease, so increased secretagogue concentration does not affect secretion after this maximum level is reached (amylase is secreted in this manner)

What is biphasic secretion? -- Answer ✔✔ secretion that can reach a maximum level and then taper off even as secretagogue concentration increases (CCK is secreted in this manner) What is the difference between CCK-A and CCK-B receptors? -- Answer ✔✔ CCK-A receptors have higher affinity for CCK than gastrin, while CCK-B receptors have equal affinity for CCK and gastrin What is the difference between the two CCK-A (CCK-1) receptors? -- Answer ✔✔ high affinity CCK-1 receptor is activated by relatively low circulating CCK and is responsible for stimulating acinar secretions; low affinity CCK-1 receptor is activated by high circulating CCK and inhibits acinar secretions What happens if you increase CCK concentration beyond 80 pM? -- Answer ✔✔ decrease in pancreatic secretion rates will occur, likely because the low-affinity CCK receptors have begun being activated, and are exerting an inhibitory effect on CCK secretion (accounts for biphasic secretion pattern of CCK) What happens when CCK and VIP are secreted together? -- Answer ✔✔ greater overall pancreatic secretion rate compared to when only CCK is secreted How do CCK receptors and mAChRs mediate secretion from acinar cells? -- Answer ✔✔ they are Gq-linked and use the phospholipase C pathway to increase intracellular Ca2+ and trigger enzyme secretion How do physiological CCK concentrations affect intracellular Ca2+? -- Answer ✔✔ bind the high-affinity CCK-1 receptor and increase the frequency of oscillations in calcium concentration, which is necessary for acinar secretion How does high CCK concentration affect intracellular Ca2+ when ACh is involved? -- Answer ✔✔ engages and activates low-affinity CCK-1 receptors, so there is a sudden spike in Ca2+ followed by no further oscillations, which inhibits further secretion of CCK How do VIP, secretin, and supraphysiological CCK levels signal? -- Answer ✔✔ through G-alpha-s receptors to stimulate adenylyl cyclase and increase cAMP