Stages of Childbirth and Cesarean Birth: Process, Reasons, and Advantages, Study notes of Developmental Psychology

Download Stages of Childbirth and Cesarean Birth: Process, Reasons, and Advantages and more Study notes Developmental Psychology in PDF only on Docsity!

Chapter 4Chapter 4

Physical Development During Physical Development During the First Three Years the First Three Years

What causes labor to begin?What causes labor to begin?

 The last two weeks of gestation,The last two weeks of gestation, estrogen levels begin to increase. estrogen levels begin to increase. This stiumulates the uterus to This stiumulates the uterus to contract and the cervix to become contract and the cervix to become more flexible. more flexible.  Labor begins when the placentaLabor begins when the placenta produces a protein called CRH produces a protein called CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone). (corticotropin-releasing hormone). Oxytocin is released from the pituitary Oxytocin is released from the pituitary gland and labor begins. gland and labor begins.

Reasons for Cesarean BirthReasons for Cesarean Birth

 Failure to progressFailure to progress  Fetal distressFetal distress  Placenta abruptiaPlacenta abruptia  Placenta previaPlacenta previa  Breech or transverse positionBreech or transverse position  Cephalocaudal disproportionCephalocaudal disproportion

Advantages of CesareanAdvantages of Cesarean

Birth Birth

 Performed to save the life or preventPerformed to save the life or prevent permanent injury or disability of the permanent injury or disability of the mother or baby mother or baby  Must be a medical reasonMust be a medical reason  Ob’s are carefully monitored forOb’s are carefully monitored for percentage of cesarean births. percentage of cesarean births. Reviewed by peers. Reviewed by peers.

Lamaze Method ofLamaze Method of

Childbirth Childbirth

 Every woman has the capability ofEvery woman has the capability of giving birth naturally and without giving birth naturally and without medications. medications.  Increases her confidence and self-Increases her confidence and self- esteem esteem  The less medications used, the saferThe less medications used, the safer the birth and the less chance of the birth and the less chance of having interventions used. having interventions used.

Settings and Attendants forSettings and Attendants for

Birth Birth

 Home birth, attended by a nurse-midwifeHome birth, attended by a nurse-midwife and her family and her family  Freestanding birth center, nurse midwifeFreestanding birth center, nurse midwife  Hospital birthHospital birth  Doula – A specially trained hired birthDoula – A specially trained hired birth attendant, present just for the mother, attendant, present just for the mother, attends to her physical and psychological attends to her physical and psychological needs. needs.

Newborn AppearanceNewborn Appearance

 Large head – ¼ of body length, moldingLarge head – ¼ of body length, molding head, receding chin head, receding chin  Fontanels on front and back part of headFontanels on front and back part of head  Lanugo – Fuzzy pre-natal hairLanugo – Fuzzy pre-natal hair  Vernix – Cheesy white substanceVernix – Cheesy white substance  Heart-rate – fast and irregular 100 – 120Heart-rate – fast and irregular 100 – 120  Squashed, flattened noseSquashed, flattened nose  Cross-eyedCross-eyed

Kauai study of low birthKauai study of low birth

weight weight

 Physical and psychologicalPhysical and psychological development were seriously impaired development were seriously impaired only when the children grew up in only when the children grew up in persistently poor environmental persistently poor environmental circumstances. circumstances.  By age 30, in spite of four or more riskBy age 30, in spite of four or more risk factors, 1/3 of the adults had become factors, 1/3 of the adults had become competent, confident and caring competent, confident and caring adults. adults.

Five States of Infant ArousalFive States of Infant Arousal

 Regular sleep – eyes closed,Regular sleep – eyes closed, breathing slow and regular breathing slow and regular  Irregular sleep – eyes closed,Irregular sleep – eyes closed, occasional REM, breathing irregular occasional REM, breathing irregular  Drowsiness – eyes open or closedDrowsiness – eyes open or closed  Quiet alert – eyes open, learning andQuiet alert – eyes open, learning and bonding time bonding time  Active alert - cryingActive alert - crying

Parents and States ofParents and States of

Arousal Arousal

 It is important for parents andIt is important for parents and caregivers to understand these states caregivers to understand these states of arousal so they can soothe their of arousal so they can soothe their baby, allow the baby to rest or baby, allow the baby to rest or engage in play with the baby. engage in play with the baby.  Knowing what the baby needs willKnowing what the baby needs will ease the infant through these ease the infant through these transitions and develop a secure transitions and develop a secure foundation thus strengthening the foundation thus strengthening the parent’s bond and attachment. parent’s bond and attachment.

PKUPKU

 Occurs 1 in 15,000 births – GeneticOccurs 1 in 15,000 births – Genetic autosomal recessive gene. Two people autosomal recessive gene. Two people conceive a child with the recessive gene conceive a child with the recessive gene have a 1 in 4 chance of having a baby born have a 1 in 4 chance of having a baby born with PKU. with PKU.  Leads to mental retardationLeads to mental retardation  All newborns are given a blood testAll newborns are given a blood test  Treated by diet (phe restricted diet) toTreated by diet (phe restricted diet) to prevent mental retardation prevent mental retardation  Cost of not diagnosing is more expensiveCost of not diagnosing is more expensive than not testing than not testing

Birth TraumaBirth Trauma

 Occurs 2 in every 1000 birthsOccurs 2 in every 1000 births  Caused by lack of oxygenCaused by lack of oxygen  Disease or infectionDisease or infection  Mechanical injuryMechanical injury  Can cause permanent brain damage,Can cause permanent brain damage, behavior problems or death behavior problems or death

Low Birth Weight TwoLow Birth Weight Two

Categories Categories

 Pre-term – Babies born 37 weeksPre-term – Babies born 37 weeks  Small for date infants – Weigh lessSmall for date infants – Weigh less than 90% of all babies of the same than 90% of all babies of the same gestational age. gestational age. Lack of prenatalLack of prenatal nutrition. nutrition.  Low birth weight – less than 5 ½ lbs.Low birth weight – less than 5 ½ lbs.  Very low birth weight – less than 3 ½Very low birth weight – less than 3 ½ lbs. lbs.

Problems with Low BirthProblems with Low Birth

Weight Weight

 DeathDeath  Vulnerable to infection due to immatureVulnerable to infection due to immature immune system immune system  Immature reflexes – unable to suckImmature reflexes – unable to suck  Not enough fat to stay warmNot enough fat to stay warm  RDS – lack surfactant in lungsRDS – lack surfactant in lungs  Long-term health problems andLong-term health problems and developmental delays developmental delays