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This comprehensive laboratory manual provides detailed instructions and procedures for various physics experiments designed for b. Tech students in the school of advanced engineering, applied sciences cluster at upes, dehradun. The manual covers a wide range of topics, including measurement techniques, sonometer, hall effect, faraday's laws, optical fiber, laser diffraction, solar cells, and more. It includes observation tables, calculations, and references for each experiment, making it a valuable resource for students conducting laboratory work in physics.
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FOR B.TECH. SOCS BRANCHES
(SEMESTER – I/II)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
APPLIED SCIENCE CLUSTER
UPES , DEHRADUN
Applied Science Cluster
PHYSICS
Lab Manual
Compiled by – Mr. Prerit Singh
Mentored by – Dr. Rajeev Gupta
Dr. Ranjeet Brajpuriya
Approved By: Signature
Dr. S.K. Nippani
Lab In Charge: Signature
School of Advanced Engineering
Applied Sciences Cluster
Department of Physics
PHYSICS LABORATORY MANUAL
Academic Year 202 4 - 25
(Semester – I/II)
(For All B. Tech SOCS Branches)
Physics Laboratory Manual (202 4 - 25 )
i
SOAE, Applied Science Cluster (Physics), UPES,
Dehradun
phenomena in different areas of Physics and to expose you to measuring instruments.
Conduct the experiments with interest and an attitude of learning.
perform the experiment.
measurements) and equally share the work with your group mates.
get a better fit for a graph. If a particular reading appears wrong repeat the measurement
carefully. In any event all the data recorded in the tables have to be faithfully displayed on
the graph.
graph papers.
units.
graphs. Come equipped with calculator, scales, pencils etc.
Physics Laboratory Manual (202 4 - 25 )
iii
SOAE, Applied Science Cluster (Physics), UPES,
Dehradun
List of Experiments (with Cycles division)
Experiment
Sonometer
Hall Effect
Faraday’s Laws
Variation of Magnetic Field along the axis of a circular coil
Virtual Lab - Photo Electric Effect
Laser Diffraction
Solar Cell
Planck’s constant using LEDs
Four-Probe Method
V-I Characteristics of a PN Diode
V-I Characteristics of a Zener Diode
Energy Band Gap of a PN diode
Quink’s Tube- Susceptibility
Young’s Modulus
S. No
Virtual
Lab
Title of the
Experiment
Link
Modern
physics
lab
Photo
Electric
Effect
http://vlab.amrita.edu/?sub=1&brch=195&sim=840&
cnt=
Physics Laboratory Manual (202 4 - 25 )
iv
SOAE, Applied Science Cluster (Physics), UPES,
Dehradun
Course: Physics for Computer Engineers Lab Course Code - PHYS- 1036
S. No Aim of the Experiment
To determine the frequency of AC mains by using a sonometer
To study the Hall effect and hence determine the Hall coefficient (Rh) and carrier
density (n) of a given semiconductor material
(a) To study the induced emf as a function of the velocity of the magnet passing
through the coil (Faraday’s Law)
(b) To study the charge delivered due to electromagnetic induction
To study the variation of the magnetic field with distance along the axis of a current-
carrying circular coil and hence estimate the radius of the coil
To determine the Numerical Aperture of an optical fibre and study about the bending
losses
Virtual Lab - Link: http://vlab.amrita.edu/?sub=1&brch=195&sim=840&cnt=
(i) To understand the Photoelectric effect,
(ii) To draw the Kinetic energy of Photoelectrons as a function of the frequency of
incident radiation,
(iii) To plot a graph connecting Photocurrent and applied voltage and
(iv) To determine the stopping potential from the photocurrent versus applied
potential graph
To Measure the diameter of a thin wire (human hair) by Laser Diffraction
Study of both the current - voltage characteristic and the power curve to find the
maximum power point (MPP) and efficiency of a solar cell
To find the Planck’s constant by using LEDs
To determine the energy bandgap of a given semiconducting material by using Four-
Probe Method
To study the volt-Ampere Characteristics of a PN Diode (Extra)
To study the volt-Ampere Characteristics of a Zener Diode (Extra)
To determine the Energy Band Gap of a PN diode (Extra)
To measure magnetic susceptibility of ferric chloride (FeCl 3
) or manganese sulphate
(MnSO 4
) paramagnetic solution by Quinck’s tube method (Extra)
To determine the Young’s Modulus of elasticity of the given material by using Non-
uniform bending (Extra)
Physics Laboratory Manual – SOCS (202 4 - 25 )
2
SoAE, Applied Science Cluster (Physics), UPES, Dehradun
A vernier scale slides on the strip. It can be fixed in any position by the retainer. On the Vernier
scale, 0.9 cm is divided into ten equal parts.
The outer measuring jaws helps to take the outer dimension of an object
The inner measuring jaws helps to take the inner dimension of an object.
The retainer helps to retain the object within the jaws of the Vernier calipers.
The depth measuring prong helps to measure the depth of an object.
Least Count
The least count or the smallest reading which can be measured on the instrument is calculated as
Procedure
check if the surface are not unduly worn out or bent or any dirt collected on them.
of tips. The axis of vernier should be perpendicular to the axis of the object. This ensures the correct
dimension of the part to measure.
the surfaces of the work piece. Then slightly retract the left jaw and clamp the support bracket at its
place.
surface edge.
a) Main Scale reading = A (i.e reading on the main scale which is behind the zero of the
vernier scale)
b) Vernier scale reading (which is coinciding with any division on the main scale) × least
count = B
Physics Laboratory Manual – SOCS (202 4 - 25 )
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SoAE, Applied Science Cluster (Physics), UPES, Dehradun
Observation table
S.No Main
Scale Reading
Vernier
Coincidence
Average value for the diameter of a cylinder is = … 𝑐𝑚
AIM: To determine the width of a thin sheet, or diameter of a thin wire using a screw gauge.
APPARATUS: The object whose linear dimension; diameter or thickness, is to be measured and a
screw gauge.
The screw gauge is an instrument used for measuring accurately the diameter of a thin wire, or the
thickness of a sheet of metal. It consists of a U-shaped frame fitted with a screwed spindle, which is
attached to a thimble. Parallel to the axis of the thimble, a scale graduated in mm is engraved on the
frame. This scale is called the pitch scale. A sleeve is attached to the head of the screw. The head of
the screw has a ratchet, which avoids undue tightening of the screw. On the thimble there is a
circular scale known as head scale, which has 50 or 100 gradations at equal angular distances. When
the screw is worked upon, the sleeve moves over the pitch scale. A stud with a plane end surface
called the anvil is fixed on the ‘U’ frame exactly opposite to the tip of the screw. When the tip of the
screw is in contact with the anvil, normally, the zero of the head scale should coincide with the zero
of the pitch scale.
Physics Laboratory Manual – SOCS (202 4 - 25 )
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SoAE, Applied Science Cluster (Physics), UPES, Dehradun
Procedure
screw should be made to be in contact with each other to check for zero error. Check also if their
surfaces are not unduly worn out or bent or any dirt collected on them.
zero of the pitch scale)
coinciding with any division on the pitch scale).
The total reading is given by, 𝑇𝑅 = 𝑃. 𝑆. 𝑅 + 𝐻. 𝑆. 𝐶 × 𝑙. 𝑐 (𝐴 + 𝐵) 𝑚𝑚
Observation table
S.No 𝑃𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒
Observed Corrected
Average value of the diameter of the wire is ….. 𝑚𝑚
The diameter of the wire is found to be ….. 𝑚𝑚
measurement.
Physics Laboratory Manual – SOCS (202 4 - 25 )
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SoAE, Applied Science Cluster (Physics), UPES, Dehradun
AIM: Determination of radius of curvature of the plano-convex lens (𝑹) by using a
spherometer.
APPARATUS: A spherometer, plane glass plate and a plano-convex lens.
Take out the lens and mark the surface, which is in contact with glass plate. Place the spherometer
on the convex surface of the plano-convex lens and note the reading on the spherometer (ℎ 1 ) then
place the spherometer on the plane glass plate and note the reading as (ℎ 2
The least count of the spherometer is calculated as follows.
Physics Laboratory Manual – SOCS (202 4 - 25 )
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SoAE, Applied Science Cluster (Physics), UPES, Dehradun
other set is fixed to the platform for horizontal movement. There is a cross wire present in the
microscope. The image of an object can be focused by the microscope using side screw (focusing
screw) attached to it.
Fig. 1(a) Travelling Microscope Fig. 1(b) Main scale & Vernier scale
A travelling microscope is an instrument for measuring length with a resolution typically in the order
of 0.01 𝑚𝑚. The precision is such that better-quality instruments have measuring scales made
from Invar to avoid misreadings due to thermal effects. The instrument comprises of
a microscope mounted on two rails fixed to, or part of a very rigid bed. The position of the
microscope can be varied coarsely by sliding along the rails, or finely by turning a screw. The
eyepiece is fitted with fine cross-hairs to fix a precise position, which is then read off the vernier
scale. Some instruments, such as that produced in the 1960s by the Precision Tool and Instrument
Company of Thornton Heath, Surrey, England, also measure vertically. The purpose of the
microscope is to aim at reference marks with much higher accuracy than is possible using the naked
eye. It is used in laboratories to measure the refractive index of liquids using the geometrical
concepts of ray optics. It is also used to measure very short distances precisely, for example the
diameter of a capillary tube. This mechanical instrument has now largely been superseded by
electronic- and optically-based measuring devices that are both very much more accurate and
considerably cheaper to produce.
Travelling microscope consists of a cast iron base with machined-Vee-top surface and is fitted with
three levelling screws. A metallic carriage, clamped to a spring-loaded bar slides with its attached
vernier and reading lens along an inlaid strip of metal scale. The scale is divided in half millimeters.
Fine adjustments are made by means of a micrometer screw for taking accurate reading. Both vernier
reading to 0.01 𝑚𝑚 or 0.02 𝑚𝑚. Microscope tube consists of 10 𝑋 Eyepiece and 15 𝑚𝑚 or 50 𝑚𝑚
or 75 𝑚𝑚 objectives. The microscope, with its rack and pinion attachment is mounted on a vertical
slide, which too, runs with an attached vernier along the vertical scale. The microscope is free to
Physics Laboratory Manual – SOCS (202 4 - 25 )
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SoAE, Applied Science Cluster (Physics), UPES, Dehradun
rotate n vertical plane. The vertical guide bar is coupled to the horizontal carriage of the microscope.
for holding objects a horizontal stage made of a milki conolite sheet is provided in the base.
How to use a travelling microscope
specimen sheets included with your model if available.
Look through the eyepiece as you move it so you know when to stop adjusting.
make very fine adjustments to the focus of the eyepiece.
motion knobs on the base of the microscope to capture and take readings of the specimen's
properties.
To find the Least Count (LC) of the travelling microscope.
Method 1
The least count or the smallest reading which can be measured on the instrument is calculated as
(
1
⁄
20
) 𝑐𝑚
50
Method 2
The main scale is graduated in cm or mm and the value of one M.S.D. is
There are 50 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
that are equivalent to
The least count is also calculated as
Physics Laboratory Manual – SOCS (202 4 - 25 )
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SoAE, Applied Science Cluster (Physics), UPES, Dehradun
Fix the horizontal cross wire at the top/ bottom edge of the capillary bore and note the vertical
reading as 𝑥 3
. Coincide the vertical cross wire with the bottom/ top edge and note the vertical
reading as 𝑥 4
. Find the vertical diameter (𝑑 2
) by taking the difference between 𝑥 3
and 𝑥 4
S.No Main
Scale Reading
Vernier
Coincidence
3
vertical diameter, 𝑑 2
3
4
cm
The average diameter of the capillary bore is given as 𝑑 =
𝑑
1
+𝑑
2
2
The average radius of the capillary bore is given by 𝑟 =
RESULT : The radius of the capillary bore is given by 𝑟 = ⋯ 𝑐𝑚
backlash error.
should not be changed/altered for subsequent readings.
coinciding division.
To understand the basics of a spectrometer, different components of a spectrometer, adjustments of a
spectrometer determine the least count and note the readings on two verniers.
APPARATUS: Spectrometer, reading lens and spirit level.
Description:
a. It has the following three main parts as shown in the figure 1.
(i) The collimator
Physics Laboratory Manual – SOCS (202 4 - 25 )
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SoAE, Applied Science Cluster (Physics), UPES, Dehradun
(ii) The telescope
(iii) The prism table
Fig. 1. Spectrometer
i. The collimator: The function of a collimator is to produce a parallel beam of light. It consists
of a lens and slit. The collimator is fitted with an adjustable slit, which is placed towards the light
source. The adjustable slit has two sharp edges, one of the edges being fixed while the other can
be moved parallel to it by adjusting the screw provided at its side. The slit width is made to be as
narrow as possible so that a narrow beam of light is allowed to pass through collimator. By
adjusting the focusing screw attached to the collimator tube C, the distance between the slit and
the lens is changed to obtain better focusing of parallel beam of rays. The collimator is fixed
and cannot be rotated.
ii. The telescope: The telescope T consists of an objective, at one end facing the collimator and an
eyepiece fixed at the other end. The eyepiece of the telescope is provided with cross wires. The
telescope is fixed to the circular scale graduated in degrees. The circular scale is in between the
collimator and the telescope. The telescope can be rotated or moved with the scale about a vertical
axis passing through the center of the spectrometer. The telescope can be fixed in any position
by a main screw just beneath the telescope. When the main screw is fixed, fine adjustment can be
made by a tangential screw which is tangential to the main screw. This is to be used when you
coincide a spectral line with the vertical cross wire. Focusing of the telescope is done by a
screw adjacent to the side of the telescope.
