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Physiology Cardiology - MOCK TEST #8: CCI RCS Exam With 100% Correct Answers 2024/25, Exams of Cardiology

Carnegie InstituteCardiology

A series of questions and answers related to cardiology, covering topics such as heart anatomy, blood flow dynamics, cardiac output, blood pressure, and heart failure. It provides a comprehensive overview of key concepts and definitions in cardiology, making it a valuable resource for students studying this subject.

Typology: Exams

2023/2024

Available from 01/05/2025

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Physiology Cardiology, -MOCK TEST #8
CCI RCS Exam With 100% Correct
Answers 2024/25
SA node - Correct Answer-pacemaker of the heart
Capillaries - Correct Answer-Microscopic vessel through which exchanges take place
between the blood and cells of the body
stressed volume - Correct Answer-Blood volume contained in arteries
Cardiac Output (CO) - Correct Answer-measurement of the amount of blood ejected per
minute from either ventricle of the heart
Venous Return (VR) - Correct Answer-the amount of blood returned back to the heart
Arterioles - Correct Answer-small arteries, extensive smooth muscle, area of high
resistances to blood flow, innervated by sympathetic adrenergic nerve fibers
Veins - Correct Answer-Thin-walled blood vessels that are less elastic than arteries;
veins contain cup-like valves that keep blood flowing in one direction to the heart and
prevent blood from flowing backward, have large captaincy.
unstressed volume - Correct Answer-The volume of blood contained in the veins
diastolic pressure - Correct Answer-occurs when the ventricles are relaxed; the lowest
pressure against the walls of an artery
systolic blood pressure - Correct Answer-the pressure created in the arteries when the
left ventricle contracts and forces blood out into circulation
Diacritic notch - Correct Answer-"blip" In arterial pressure curve- when aortic valve
closes and produces retrograde flow from aorta toward valve briefly decreasing aortic
pressure below systolic value
pulse pressure - Correct Answer-difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
Stroke Volume (SV) - Correct Answer-measurement of the amount of blood ejected
from a ventricle in one contraction
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) - Correct Answer-pressure forcing blood into tissues,
averaged over cardiac cycle
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Download Physiology Cardiology - MOCK TEST #8: CCI RCS Exam With 100% Correct Answers 2024/25 and more Exams Cardiology in PDF only on Docsity!

Physiology Cardiology, - MOCK TEST

CCI RCS Exam With 100% Correct

Answers 2024/

SA node - Correct Answer-pacemaker of the heart Capillaries - Correct Answer-Microscopic vessel through which exchanges take place between the blood and cells of the body stressed volume - Correct Answer-Blood volume contained in arteries Cardiac Output (CO) - Correct Answer-measurement of the amount of blood ejected per minute from either ventricle of the heart Venous Return (VR) - Correct Answer-the amount of blood returned back to the heart Arterioles - Correct Answer-small arteries, extensive smooth muscle, area of high resistances to blood flow, innervated by sympathetic adrenergic nerve fibers Veins - Correct Answer-Thin-walled blood vessels that are less elastic than arteries; veins contain cup-like valves that keep blood flowing in one direction to the heart and prevent blood from flowing backward, have large captaincy. unstressed volume - Correct Answer-The volume of blood contained in the veins diastolic pressure - Correct Answer-occurs when the ventricles are relaxed; the lowest pressure against the walls of an artery systolic blood pressure - Correct Answer-the pressure created in the arteries when the left ventricle contracts and forces blood out into circulation Diacritic notch - Correct Answer-"blip" In arterial pressure curve- when aortic valve closes and produces retrograde flow from aorta toward valve briefly decreasing aortic pressure below systolic value pulse pressure - Correct Answer-difference between systolic and diastolic pressure Stroke Volume (SV) - Correct Answer-measurement of the amount of blood ejected from a ventricle in one contraction Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) - Correct Answer-pressure forcing blood into tissues, averaged over cardiac cycle

What must the mean arterial pressure (MAP) be to maintain adequate perfusion to the brain? - Correct Answer-Needs to exceed 70 What determines blood flow to tissues? - Correct Answer-Blood flow to tissues is dependent on tissue needs and is mainly controlled by local factors such as prostaglandins, NO, & Histamines. laminar blood flow - Correct Answer-type of blood flow not resulting in audible sound; defined by streamline flow or flow in parallel layers without turbulence turbulent blood flow - Correct Answer-type of blood flow resulting in audible sound; defined by chaotic flow due to variations of pressure and velocity What is the audible sound called in relation to turbulent flow? - Correct Answer-A murmur or bruit What are possible causes of murmurs? - Correct Answer-Valvular disease such as stenosis of the valves or regurgitation of the valves What is the most important factor in vessel flow? - Correct Answer-Radius of the vessel. Right sided heart failure would most likely lead to what physiological finding - Correct Answer-Peripheral Edema Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR) - Correct Answer-the resistance to the flow of blood through the entire systemic circulation If TPR is decreased, what will happen to venous return? - Correct Answer-Venous return will increase/Preload is increased If TPR is increased what will happen to venous return? - Correct Answer-Venous return will decrease but afterload will increase Afterload - Correct Answer-the amount of resistance to ejection of blood from the ventricle A patient presents with an increased heart rate what is one of the first things that can be done to help slow the patient's HR. - Correct Answer-Vagal maneuvers- By bearing down or having the patient blow through a straw the patient stimulates the vagus nerve which intern stimulate parasympathetic responses to lower the HR. Patient has known renal insufficiency due to renal artery blockage. What is the pathophysiology behind his hypertension? - Correct Answer-Decreased perfusion to the kidneys causes release of renin by the kidneys renin is then converted to angiotensin and angiotensin II which further causes aldosterone release and sodium water

Low cardiac output - Correct Answer-Underestimation of the severity of aortic stenosis by CW Doppler may occur with? Aortic regurgitation - Correct Answer-Doppler ultrasound may show Retro grade flow velocity's within the ascending aorta during diastole in the presence of Pericardial infusion - Correct Answer-A patient with a recent myocardial infarction is diagnosed with Dressler's syndrome special care in performing a tutti study should be followed to rule out Patent foramen ovale - Correct Answer-In patients with the tricuspid atresia blood flow will Shunt from the right atrium to the left atrium through a 16 mm HG - Correct Answer-In a patient with mitral stenosis a continuous wave Doppler study shows a peek diastolic velocity of 2 m/s what is the peak pressure gradient across the mitral valve AV septal defect - Correct Answer-A 22-year-old patient with down syndrome is referred to the echo lab the most common lesion associated with these patients is Higher following long R-R intervals - Correct Answer-for patients with aortic stenosis and atrial fib relation peak systolic aortic velocity will be Reversal in color - Correct Answer-Aliaising on color flow Doppler is shown by Aortic insufficiency - Correct Answer-Premature mitral valve closure on m mode is a sign of high left ventricular diastolic pressure in ASD & bicuspid aortic valve - Correct Answer-The two most frequently encountered congenital heart lesions diagnosed in adults are Thrombi - Correct Answer-Endotheliaized ______ can have The same tissue characteristics as myocardium by 2-D echo Inferior - Correct Answer-Ebstein's anomaly is characterized by a ________displacement of all or part of the tricuspid valve into the RV cavity infected mitral valve - Correct Answer-On M-mode a flail mitral valve may have a similar appearance to Damped - Correct Answer-patients with the large pericardial effusions the motion of the pericardium may b Tricuspid valve - Correct Answer-On a two dimensional echocardiogram a cleft mitral valve may be confused with an anatomic

Left atrium - Correct Answer-In patients with ventricular septal defect's and a left to right shunting the ____. maybe dilated Left ventricular hypertrophy - Correct Answer-Patients with long-standing aortic stenosis will usually have False prolapse caused by the anulus shape is avoided - Correct Answer-One advantage to using the parasternal long axis view to diagnose mitral valve prolapse is Transducer frequency - Correct Answer-Which of the following para meters is least likely to affect serial left ventricular dimension measurements on m-mode Myocardial infarction - Correct Answer-Rupture of the interventricular septum is most often a complication of Tricuspid regurgitation - Correct Answer-A common cause for right ventricular volume overload is Presystolic appearance of contrast in the ivc - Correct Answer-Patient is sent to the echo lab with the diagnosis of a constrictive pericarditis you perform a contrast study to look for Atrial septal defect - Correct Answer-Patient with the systolic murmur in the fix split S may have which of the following LA - Correct Answer-The pressure obtained by a pulmonary artery wedge measurement equals the pressure in thev RA - Correct Answer-The a dip in the m mode pulmonary valve is caused by contraction of the Pericarditis - Correct Answer-The patient was referred to the echo lab because of a positional and respiratory variation which of the following diseases are likely to have 30 - Correct Answer-What percent of left ventricular filling is normally contributed by atrial systole Calcified aortic stenosis - Correct Answer-Which valve lesion is most commonly associated with left bundle branch block Pete velocity detection - Correct Answer-Vantage of continuous wave Doppler over pulse wave Doppler is Apical - Correct Answer-Which window is best for evaluating the ball excursion of a star Edwards mitral valve using M- mode technique

Increase preload - Correct Answer-Mitral regurgitation results in CHF - Correct Answer-Long standing severe mitral stenosis usually leads too Volume of blood ejected with each heart beat - Correct Answer-Stroke vol refers to After load - Correct Answer-Heart responds to increase preload by an increase Apical four- chamber & parastatal short-axis views - Correct Answer-Visualization of lateral segment of the LV is best when the Sonographer uses which of the following views? LVH - Correct Answer-In long standing aortic stenosis the MOST common secondary echo finding would be Increase the systolic anterior motion of the MV - Correct Answer-When amyl nitrite is administered to a patient who has HOCM Increase sharply with increasing frequency - Correct Answer-When ultrasound waves travel through a medium which contains many small scatters (red blood cells) the amount of sound that is scattered would Diastole - Correct Answer-Myocardial blood flow is most predominate during which phase of the cardiac cycle Coronary sinus - Correct Answer-Myocardial blood flow in a normal heart returns to the RA via An ectopic focus - Correct Answer-A ventricular premature beat originates in Difference between the transmitted & receive ultrasonic frequencies - Correct Answer- Doppler shift frequency from moving reflectors is the With CW Doppler detection of Tricuspid valve insufficiency - Correct Answer-RV systolic pressure may be predicted Asymmetric septal hypertrophy, mid systolic closure of AO valve, systolic anterior motion of the MV, mitral insufficiency - Correct Answer-Frequent finding in a patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Sequential activating a series of adjacent crystals to angulate the ultrasound beam - Correct Answer-Two-dimensional image of a phased array echo graph is produced by 2 to 4 mm thick - Correct Answer-Normal newborn, the free wall of the RV is

PAP - Correct Answer-RVSP= Thin filiform strands they form on the edge of valve leaflets - Correct Answer-What is Lambl's Excrescences Decreased EF - Correct Answer-Long standing aortic regurgitation Mitral stenosis - Correct Answer-LV mass remains normal in chronic : RVSP - Correct Answer-Given TR & RA pressure what can you calculate? Severe MR - Correct Answer-If your patient had a dilated LV & thin septum what might b going on with This patient? Pulmonary venous flow - Correct Answer-Best way to determine the severity of MR? RA/RV collapse in diastole - Correct Answer-Indication of tamponade .. What collapses in what? acynotic - L-R Cyanotic R-L - Correct Answer-acyanotic vs cyanotic shunt Rhabdomyomas - Correct Answer-Kids with Tuberous Sclerosis develop what type of cardiac tumors? Eustachian valve - Correct Answer-What is the valve of the IVC? Ability to initiate an electric impulse or beat - Correct Answer-What is meant by automaticity Pertaining exclusively to a part - Correct Answer-What does intrinsic mean Increase HR - Correct Answer-What does amyl nitrite do to HR? RV Apex - Correct Answer-Pacer wire seen in? RA - Correct Answer-Central venous wires seen? Anterior interventricular sulcus - Correct Answer-Where does the LAD originate? % of blood comprised of red blood cells - Correct Answer-What is hematocrit TR - Correct Answer-Systolic rumble is? Endocarditis, Ruptured chordae, pap muscle dysfx,prosthetic valve dysfx - Correct Answer-Causes of MR?

What are the advantages of an echo? - Correct Answer--can be used in real time to visualize the heart

  • gives instant information on the myocardium, chambers, valves, pericardium What are the two types of echocardiogram? - Correct Answer-Transthoracic echo (2D) and transesophageal When do we use the 2D Transthoracic echo? - Correct Answer--ideal imaging for assessing LV size and function
  • gold standard for valve morphology and motion
  • imaging test of choice to detect pericardial effusions and tamponade What is a transesophageal echo - Correct Answer--performed by a radiologist , guided down pts throat and given sedative
  • gives a more detailed picture of the heart, particularly posterior structures When do we use a TEE? - Correct Answer--inadequate trans-thoracic view
  • aortic disease
  • infective endocarditis
  • identify a source of an embolism
  • valve prosthesis
  • intraoperative assessment When do we add Doppler technology to a TTE or TEE - Correct Answer--used to determine the speed and direction of blood flow through the different areas of the heart
  • measures viscosity of blood flow across valises within chambers and through great vessels
  • noninvasive What are indications for Doppler echo - Correct Answer--valve stenosis, valve regurgitation, intracranial pressures, volumetric flow , diastolic filling, intracranial shunts What is a holster/event monitor? - Correct Answer--Continuous recording of the electrical activity of the heart
  • use when you are unsure if the issue is cardiac or not
  • worn 24-48hrs, for up to 30 days
  • an event monitor has a button to hit when they are having any symptoms
  • cannot be removed When is a stress test indicated? - Correct Answer--to evaluate CP in a patient w/ suspected CAD or in a patient w/ multiple risk factors
  • determine safe exercise limits for cardiac rehab
  • detect intermittent claudication
  • evaluate the effectiveness of tx
  • evaluate the effectiveness of cardiac intervention

What are the exercise stress tests? - Correct Answer--test how your heart responds to exertion

  • in form of standard Bruce protocol
  • pt walks on a treadmill or pedals a stationary bike at increasing levels of difficulty with goals of increasing just below maximum levels What is the basic principle of exercise stress testing? - Correct Answer-Occluded arteries will be unable to meet the Hearst increased demands for blood during testing Drug induced stress test - Correct Answer--dobutamine/adenosine
  • used in people who are unable to exercise Stress echocardiogram - Correct Answer-Uses ultrasound to view the function of the heart before and during exercise to detect any decreased blood flow to the heart Nuclear stress test - Correct Answer--Injection of isotope which emits photons , you will see less uptake in areas supplied by stenosis arteries.
  • used to assess ventricular functioning, myocardial perfusion, coronary artery disease, myocardial metabolism and viability. What is an MRI used for? - Correct Answer-Good at viewing myocardium and great vessels, assessment of congenital heart disease, cardiomyopathies and cardiac masses What is MRA angiography used for? - Correct Answer-Used to evaluate vessels and intra-vessel abnormalities, particularly congenital abnormalities
  • not used for coronary arteries
  • uses gadolinium What is MRI perfusion used for? - Correct Answer--used to assess pts with known or suspected CAD, bonus contrast and see areas of decreased intensity at rest as well as with stress What do we use CT for? - Correct Answer-Good at evaluation of pericardial calcification , cardiac masses, coronary calcifications What does CTA evaluate? - Correct Answer-Intra vessel abnormalities What is cardiac catheterization and coronary angiography? - Correct Answer--*gold standard in assessment of the anatomy and physiology of the heart and all its vasculature When do we use cardiac cath? - Correct Answer--to evaluate the extent and severity of cardiac disease in symptomatic pts
  • to determine if medical interventions necessary
  • to exclude severe disease in pts who have equivocal findings