Download Physiology Exam #4 | BIOL 2150 - PRINCIPLES OF PHYSIOLOGY and more Quizzes Physiology in PDF only on Docsity!
What are the 6 functions of the Circulatory
System
- Transports Oxygen to tissues and CO2 out2) Brings nutrients to cells3) Transports hormones/signal molecules4) Immunity5) Removes waste6) Regulates temperature TERM 2
What are the three main structures (anatomy)
of the Circulatory System
DEFINITION 2
- The heart 2) The blood 3) The blood vessal TERM 3
How many Chambers are there in a fish
heart?
DEFINITION 3 Two chambers TERM 4
How many Chambers are there in amphibians
(most reptiles) heart?
DEFINITION 4 Three chambers TERM 5
How many Chambers are there in a
mammal/bird heart?
DEFINITION 5 Four chambers(our heart )
Do heart valves travel one way or two?
Heart Valves travel in one direction TERM 7
What are the two types of heart valves called?
DEFINITION 7
- Atrioventricular Valves2) Semilunar Valves TERM 8
Where does the bicuspid valve lie?
DEFINITION 8 -This valve in the heart that lies between the left atrium ( LA) and the l eft ventricle (LV). TERM 9
What type of valve is a bicuspid valve? And
what is it sometimes referred to as?
DEFINITION 9 A bicuspid valve is a type of atrioventricular valve Some times is referred to as the "mitral" valve TERM 10
Where is the Tricuspid Valve
located?
DEFINITION 10 -This valve is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle.
What structure/tissue in the heart prevents
back-flow?
the fibrous skeleton TERM 17
What structure of the heart is where insertion
of the cardiac muscles takes place?
DEFINITION 17 The fibrous skeleton TERM 18
What structure of the heart acts as an
insulator of AP's?
DEFINITION 18 The fibrous skeleton TERM 19
What are the four tissues that make up the
heart?
DEFINITION 19
- Endocardium2) Myocardium3) Epicardium4) Pericardium TERM 20
What is the Endocardium made out of? And
where is it located?
DEFINITION 20 Made from endothelium cells (is smooth)Is the inner most lining of the heart
What is the Myocardium made out of? Where
is it located?
Made from cardiac musclefound all over heart, but mostly between epithelium and connective tissue TERM 22
Where is the Epicardium located?
DEFINITION 22 The outer layer of the heart TERM 23
What is the pericardium made from? And
where is it located?
DEFINITION 23 -made from fibroue-it is the sac around the heart TERM 24
What holds the heart in place?
DEFINITION 24 The pericardial sac TERM 25
Can the heart function without the pericardial
sac?
DEFINITION 25 Yes, but its better to have it's support
Cardiac muscle cells have T-Tubules, what are
their size like in comparison to skeletal
muscle?
They are larger than in the skeletal muscle cells. TERM 32
What is the function of T-Tubules in cardiac
cells?
DEFINITION 32 to store calcium TERM 33
What is the size of the mitochondria in the
cardiac muscle cells, and how much of the
cell does it take up?
DEFINITION 33 They are HUGE-take up 1/3 of the cell's volume TERM 34
What can a blood clot in the heart lead to?
DEFINITION 34 It can lead to dead tissueBlood clots lead to this because the cells in cardiac muscle do not reproduce (no mitosis). This can kill tissue around the clot.They've found that dead tissue can lead/cause more dead tissue. TERM 35
The heart contracts as a Syncytium, which is
when?
DEFINITION 35
- when the cells contract together like one single unit via gap junctions (connections between cells)
What is Ventricular Fibrillation? What does it
do to the muscles in the heart?
- a condition in which there is uncoordinated contraction of the cardiac muscle of the ventricles in the heart (they contract all on their own/different types)-makes muscles quiver rather than contract properly. -looks like a bowl of wormsMALFUNCTION TERM 37
What is Autorhythymicity
DEFINITION 37 means "self excitable" TERM 38
What can Autorhythymicity allow?
DEFINITION 38 This allows the heart to still beat after you're dead. TERM 39
What are Autorhythymic cells? What are they
also called?
DEFINITION 39 They are cardiac cells that spontaneously and rhythmically depolarize and fire action potentials .They set the rate of the heartbeatAlso called pacemaker cells TERM 40
Do pacemaker cells have a resting
membrane?
DEFINITION 40 No they do not
What is the rate of action potentials of the
pacemakers cells located in the
atrioventricular node?
40-60 /min TERM 47
What is the rate of action potentials of the
pacemakers cells located in the bundles of His
and purkinje fibers?
DEFINITION 47 20-40 / min TERM 48
If you block one route of the pacemaker cells,
what will happen?
DEFINITION 48 The next node/area takes over TERM 49
If you block the atrioventricular node for the
pacemaker cells, what is this called?
DEFINITION 49 this is called "complete heart block" TERM 50
When a bundle branch is blocked for the
pacemaker cells, what can result? example?
DEFINITION 50 A sudden death may occurLike in the news you may hear of a football player out of no where dropping dead on the field, etc.
What is ectopic pacemaker cells?
abnormal packermaker tissue in another area of the heart TERM 52
The contraction of the heart is what and
what?
DEFINITION 52 -synchronous and simultaneous TERM 53
What responsible for 20% of heart pump?
DEFINITION 53 When the two atria that contract first TERM 54
What do the AV nodes transmit to?
DEFINITION 54 They transmit to the ventricles TERM 55
What happens after the AV node transmits to
the ventricles?
DEFINITION 55 Then both ventricles contract
What is the Pressure in Left ventricle?
0-120 mmHg TERM 62
What is the Pressure in the Aorta?
DEFINITION 62 80-120 mmHg TERM 63
What is the Pressure in the right atrium?
DEFINITION 63 0-10 mmHg TERM 64
What is the Pressure in the right ventricle?
DEFINITION 64 0-25 mmHg TERM 65
What is the Pressure in the pulmonary artery?
DEFINITION 65 8-25 mmHg
What is a Systole
the time when the heart is contracting TERM 67
What is a Diastole?
DEFINITION 67 The time when the cardiac muscle relaxes TERM 68
Which part does the heart spend more time
in, systole? or diastole?
DEFINITION 68 the diastole TERM 69
What is happening during atrial systole?
DEFINITION 69 -extra blood is being squeezed into ventricle TERM 70
What happens in the first stage of the cardiac
cycle ("early diastole")?
DEFINITION 70
- the semilunar valves shut off- the atrioventricular valves open- the whole heart is relaxed
What is ESV?
"end systolic volume"- blood left after contraction (reserve) = 65ml TERM 77
What is SV?
DEFINITION 77 "stroke volume"This is the EDV - ESV = 70 ml(The end diastolic volume minus the end systolic volume) TERM 78
What happens when the atrioventricular valve
opens?
DEFINITION 78 the ventricle fillsrapidlyduring the first part of diastole TERM 79
What is the Cardiac Output "CO"?
DEFINITION 79 CO = HR x's SV(cardiac output = heart rate times the stroke volume)SO its the amount of blood pumped per ventricle per unit of time. TERM 80
What is the onset of ventricular
diastole?
DEFINITION 80 isometric ventricular relaxation
What is the Resting CO?
What is the Active CO?
DEFINITION 82 30-35 L / min TERM 83
What is the stroke volume intrinsically
controlled by?
DEFINITION 83 Thepreload(the degree to which the ventricles are stretched prior to contracting) ^ BEFOREaka venous filling with blood TERM 84
What does the "Frank Starling Law of the
Heart" state?
DEFINITION 84 The stroke volume of the heart increases in response to an increase in the volume of blood filling the heart (the end diastolic volume) when all other factors remain constant. SO:increased venous return = stronger ventricular contractions TERM 85
For stroke volume, what is the
"afterload"?
DEFINITION 85 the arterial blood pressure
What is Atherosclerosis
artery wall thickens as a result of the accumulation of fatty materials such as cholesterol. TERM 92
What can high blood pressure lead to?
DEFINITION 92 can lead to heart failure TERM 93
What can stenotic valves lead to?
DEFINITION 93 can lead to heart failure TERM 94
What are stenotic valves?
DEFINITION 94 they are tightened valves /abnormal narrowing of the valves TERM 95
What can leaky valves lead to?
DEFINITION 95 can lead to heart failure
What can "stiff" arteries lead to?
can lead to heart failure TERM 97
What can damage to cardiac muscle lead to
DEFINITION 97 can lead to heart failure TERM 98
What can conduction disturbances lead
to?
DEFINITION 98 can lead to heart failure TERM 99
What can metabolic diseases (alterations in
Ca++, K+) lead to?
DEFINITION 99 can lead to heart failure TERM 100
What are the seven things that can lead to
heart failure?
DEFINITION 100
- high blood pressure2) stenotic valves (tight)3) leaky valves4) cardiac muscle damage5) metabolic disease ( Ca++, K+ alterations)6) stiff arteries7) conduction disturbances
