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A comprehensive set of questions and answers covering key concepts in human physiology. topics include blood types and transfusion, blood pressure measurement, the cardiac cycle, respiratory physiology (including lung volumes and capacities), and urinalysis. the questions are suitable for university or high school students studying human biology or related fields. The answers are concise and well-explained, making it a valuable resource for exam preparation and knowledge reinforcement.
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Antigensfound on the surface of red blood cells and determine blood type
Agglutinationthe process of red blood cells clumping together as a response to antibody reaction
Where are antibodies found?blood plasma
Antiseraserum containing antibodies for antigens
Sensitizationreactivity to an antigen
What is the universal donor?Type O negative
What is the universal recipient?Type AB
What happens if you mix type O with anti-A serum and anti-B serum?No reaction will occur because type O does not contain antigens.
What does blood pressure measure?The pressure or force of blood against your arteries as your heart beats.
Normal blood pressure120/
Hypertension140/90; high blood pressure
How should the cuff be placed?1 inch above the elbow with the inflatable bladder positioned directly over the brachial artery. Systolic blood pressure
Pulse pressurethe difference between the systolic and diastolic pressure; it represents the force generated by the heart during each contraction What does an ECG measure?electrical activity of the heart as it moves through the hearts conduction system
Arrhythmiairregularity or absence of heart beat
Tachycardiaheart rate over 100bpm
Bradycardiaheart rate below 60bpm
Ventricular fibrillation (v-fib)rapid uncoordinated contractions of the heart that renders it useless as a pump
Things that could alter blood pressure throughout the day:physical activity, stress/emotions, salty foods, body position
If the breath out is times it's called a Forced Vital Capacitytrue 1 multiple choice option Boyle's Lawthe pressure of a gas in a closed container is inversely proportional to the volume
What happens when lung volume increases during inspiration?lung volume increases and intrapulmonary pressure decreases
Normal quiet inspiration is an active process requiring the contraction of what muscles?diaphragm and external intercostals
Tidal Volumeamount of air inhaled or exhales during a normal breath ~500 mL
Inspiratory Reserve Volumeamount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal inhalation ~3,100 mL
pH, dipstick test, etc Microscopic urinalysisevaluation for presence of casts, crystals, bacteria, WBC, RBC, etc
Water makes up 95% of urinetrue 1 multiple choice option Presence of Glucose in urinemay indicate diabetes mellitus
Presence of Proteins in urinesuggestive of kidney damage or glomerular issues
Presence of Bilirubin/urobilinogen in urineindicates liver disease or bile duct obstruction
Presence of WBC's in urineindicates infection
Presence of Bacteria in urinesuggests UTI
Pale Yellow urinenormal
Darker yellow/cloudy urinemay indicate infection
Orange/dark yellow urinedehydration
Dark/red urineindicates blood in urine
Cloudy/milky urineinfection/WBC's
Fruity odor in urineindicates ketones/diabetes
