Plant Nutrition and Transport: Certified Exam Study Guide, Exams of Biochemistry

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Chapter 26—PLANT NUTRITION AND TRANSPORT

1. Plants in general require a total of how many essential elements for their growth and survival? a. 6 b. 12 c. 16 d. 22 e. 28 ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 26.1 Where do plants get the nutrients they require? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember
2. What is the inorganic soil constituent with the finest particles? a. clay b. gravel c. humus d. sand e. silt ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 26.1 Where do plants get the nutrients they require? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember
3. What is the organic constituent of soil called? a. clay b. gravel c. humus d. sand e. silt ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 26.1 Where do plants get the nutrients they require? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember
4. Humus does not include: a. feces b. dead organisms c. leaf litter d. weathered rock e. decomposing organic matter ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 26.1 Where do plants get the nutrients they require? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember

Certified Exam Study Guide Latest Updated 2024

Chapter 26—PLANT NUTRITION AND TRANSPORT

ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 26.6 How do sugars move through phloem? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand OTHER: Selecting the Exception NOTES: Modified

9. Four of the five answers below are soil contaminants that can be phytoremediated by plants. Select the exception. a. nitrogen b. lead c. arsenic d. mercury e. trichloroethylene ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 26.7 Application: Leafy cleanup KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember OTHER: Selecting the Exception
10. Which soil component(s) have a negative charge that attracts positively charged mineral ions in soil water? a. sand b. silt and sand c. clay d. humus e. clay and humus ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 26.1 Where do plants get the nutrients they require? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: New
11. What conditions favor humus buildup? a. well aerated soil b. low water content soil c. plant-sparse areas such as deserts d. waterlogged soil e. high clay content soil ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 26.1 Where do plants get the nutrients they require? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: New
12. Which term describes soil with roughly equal proportions of sand, silt, and clay?

Certified Exam Study Guide Latest Updated 2024

Chapter 26—PLANT NUTRITION AND TRANSPORT

a. humus b. loam c. topsoil d. A horizon e. B horizon ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 26.1 Where do plants get the nutrients they require? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: New

13. is the process by which water removes and carries away soil nutrients. a. Erosion b. Diffusion c. Leaching d. Water dilution effect e. Absorption ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 26.1 Where do plants get the nutrients they require? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: New
14. Which soil layer is rich with decomposed organic material? a. H Horizon b. A Horizon c. B Horizon d. C Horizon e. bedrock ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 26.1 Where do plants get the nutrients they require? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember
15. Which soil layer, containing no organic matter, is composed of weathered rock fragments? a. O Horizon b. A Horizon c. B Horizon d. C Horizon e. bedrock ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 26.1 Where do plants get the nutrients they require? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember

Certified Exam Study Guide Latest Updated 2024

Chapter 26—PLANT NUTRITION AND TRANSPORT

REFERENCES: Section 26.2 How do plant roots absorb water and nutrients? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: New

20. Mineral uptake in plants occurs by way of: a. leaves b. roots c. stems d. phloem e. flowers ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 26.2 How do plant roots absorb water and nutrients? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember
21. The Casparian strip is associated with: a. the epidermis b. vascular tissue c. cortex d. root hairs e. the endodermis ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 26.2 How do plant roots absorb water and nutrients? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand
22. In a mycorrhizal relationship, fungi supply and plants supply. a. water; sugars b. minerals; starch c. minerals; sugars and nitrogen-rich compounds d. sugars; minerals and water e. nitrogen; minerals ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 26.3 What mutualisms affect root function? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: New
23. What would be the effects of the accidental seepage of fungicide into the soils surrounding a plant in a mycorrhizal relationship? a. The plant would die. b. The plant's water and mineral supply would slow down. c. The plant's leaves would become yellow. d. There would be no change in the plant.

Certified Exam Study Guide Latest Updated 2024

Chapter 26—PLANT NUTRITION AND TRANSPORT

e. The plant would lose its nitrogen-fixing partner. ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 26.3 What mutualisms affect root function? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Apply

24. Nodules found on the roots of some plants are involved in supplying which element for the plant? a. aluminum b. boron c. magnesium d. nitrogen e. chlorine ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 26.3 What mutualisms affect root function? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: New
25. What best describes mycorrhizae? a. a type of root hair b. involved in bacteria-root associations c. involved in fungus-root associations d. bacteria e. small animals found in agricultural soils ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 26.3 What mutualisms affect root function? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: Modified
26. Evaporation exerts tension on the narrow columns of water that fill xylem tubes. The tension occurs because liquid water has. a. cohesion due to hydrogen bonds b. cohesion due to ionic bonds c. translocation of sugars d. pressure due to compression within xylem e. high oxygen content due to soil conditions ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 26.4 How does water move through xylem? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand NOTES: New
27. What causes transpiration?

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Chapter 26—PLANT NUTRITION AND TRANSPORT

KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember

31. Water inside xylem is pulled upward by: a. turgor pressure b. tension c. osmotic gradients d. pressure flow forces e. translocation ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 26.4 How does water move through xylem? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand NOTES: Modified
32. As xylem tissue is forming, its still-living cells deposit secondary wall material on the inner surface of their primary wall, but do not cover over the. a. perforation plates b. pits c. pectins d. vessel elements e. plasmodesmata ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 26.4 How does water move through xylem? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: New
33. Most xylem vessels in angiosperms consist of stacked vessel elements, water flows vertically through and laterally through. a. phloem; xylem b. vessel elements; tracheids c. tracheids; vessel elements d. perforation plates; pits e. pits; plasmodesmata ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 26.4 How does water move through xylem? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand NOTES: New
34. The stomata: a. only open at night b. are open when guard cells are swollen with water c. close when the osmotic pressure of guard cells increases d. are covered by the cuticle to reduce water loss

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Chapter 26—PLANT NUTRITION AND TRANSPORT

e. open and close in response to sunlight only ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 26.5 How do land plants conserve water? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: Modified

35. If the cuticle is removed from a leaf, it will: a. be unable to photosynthesize b. be unable to carry on transpiration c. lose water by evaporation and wilt d. lose water by cohesion and die e. turn yellow ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 26.5 How do land plants conserve water? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand
36. The openings in leaves that function to exchange gases are called: a. cuticles b. stomata c. guard cells d. pits e. pores ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 26.5 How do land plants conserve water? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember
37. The cells that surround stomata are: a. endodermal cells b. guard cells c. mesophyll cells d. vascular bundle cells e. vessel cells ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 26.5 How do land plants conserve water? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember
38. Sugars leave the source region and immediately enter into a , followed by direct movement into the. a. pit, perforation plate b. companion cell; sieve element c. pit, vessel element

Certified Exam Study Guide Latest Updated 2024

Chapter 26—PLANT NUTRITION AND TRANSPORT

a. cortex b. parenchyma c. xylem d. phloem e. cambium ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 26.6 How do sugars move through phloem? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember

43. Sieve tubes are different from vessel members in that they: a. carry water, not food b. are not connected to each other c. are alive d. do not require companion cells e. have pits in their walls ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 26.6 How do sugars move through phloem? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand NOTES: Modified
44. The movement of materials already in the phloem can be described using the term(s): a. source-to-sink only b. pressure flow only c. cohesion only d. both active transport and cohesion e. both source-to-sink and pressure flow ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 26.6 How do sugars move through phloem? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand
45. The source region in the pressure flow theory of phloem transport is most often the: a. root b. flower c. stem d. leaf e. soil ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 26.6 How do sugars move through phloem? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: Modified

Certified Exam Study Guide Latest Updated 2024

Chapter 26—PLANT NUTRITION AND TRANSPORT

46. As a result of an increase in phloem solute concentration near a source area, the fluid in the sieve element becomes . a. hypotonic b. hypertonic c. low turgor d. low-sugar e. dilute ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 26.6 How do sugars move through phloem? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand NOTES: New
47. What is phytoremediation? a. Replanting areas where tree populations have been killed by environmental contaminants. b. The use of bacteria to degrade environmental contaminants. c. Treating contaminated trees to remove their buildup of environmental contaminants. d. The use of plants to take up and concentrate or degrade environmental contaminants. e. Using fast growing plant species to enrich poor soil that resulted from environmental contaminants to improve fertility of the area. ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 26.7 Application: Leafy cleanup KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember NOTES: New
48. What are the two important symbiotic relationships involving plant roots? ANSWER: Mycorrhizae: This relationship between plant roots and fungi allows the roots to absorb more water and nutrients than they could on their own. The fungi benefit from the ready supply of photosynthetically derived food.

Root nodules: This relationship between bacteria and plant roots forms a nodule inside which bacteria can fix atmospheric nitrogen. The bacteria supply some of the fixed nitrogen to the plants, while the bacteria benefit from the ready supply of photosynthetically derived food. POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 26.3 What mutualisms affect root function? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Analyze

49. How do translocation and transpirational flow differ? ANSWER: Transpirational flow occurs in xylem cells, which are dead, while translocation occurs in phloem cells, which are alive. Transpirational flow moves water and minerals from root to shoot, while translocation moves dissolved organics from source to sink. Transpirational flow is dependent on evaporation of water, mainly from the leaves, while translocation is dependent on osmotic pressure built up by the active transport of materials into the phloem cells. POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 26.4 How does water move through xylem? Section 26.6 How do sugars move through phloem?

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Chapter 26—PLANT NUTRITION AND TRANSPORT

KEYWORDS: Analyze | Bloom's: Apply NOTES: New

Figure 26.7 Water transport in plants. Answer the following questions related to the accompanying figure.

1. What process is occurring in A?
2. What process is occurring in B?
3. How is the movement in B related to the process in A? What force pulls water upwards in xylem, as seen in B?
4. What process is occurring in C? What force draws water from the soil, into xylem?
5. What is the name of the theory that explains water flow in xylem? ANSWER: 1. Transpiration (evaporation) of water from leaves.
   2. Water is being pulled upwards through xylem.
   3. The movement of water in xylem is dependent upon the transpiration that occurs from leaves. The water evaporation at leaves exerts tension on the thin xylem columns, pulling water upwards, due to water’s cohesive property.
   4. Water is moving from the soil into the roots. The tension created at the leaves extends all the way to the roots.
   5. This is the cohesion-tension theory. POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Section 26.4 How does water move through xylem? KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Analyze NOTES: New

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Chapter 26—PLANT NUTRITION AND TRANSPORT

Figure 26.10 Translocation in phloem. Answer the following questions related to the accompanying figure.

1. Label the cells of phloem. A: and B:.
2. Label the source and sink. C: and D:.
3. What are E and F?
4. Provide a brief description of the main steps involved in the pressure flow theory.
5. What effect would drought have on sugar transport? ANSWER: 1. A: companion cell and B: sieve element
   2. C: source and D: sink
   3. E: sugars and F: waters
   4. a. At a source region, sugars move into a companion cell, then into a sieve element, where sugar content is lower. b. This sugar loading increases the solute concentration of cytoplasm in a sieve element so that it becomes hypertonic with respect to the surrounding cells. Water follows the sugar by osmosis, moving into the sieve element from the surrounding cells. c. The high pressure caused by water influx pushes the fluid through the sieve tube, toward a sink region where internal pressure is lower. d. At a sink region, sugars move from sieve elements into sink cells. Water follows by osmosis.

Chapter 26: Plant Nutrition and Transport

Certified Exam Study Guide Latest Updated 2024

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Chapter 26—PLANT NUTRITION AND TRANSPORT

POINTS: 1

63. transpiration ANSWER: f POINTS: 1

Answer the question(s) in reference to the five processes listed below. a. transpiration b. phytoremediation c. translocation d. leaching e. erosion REFERENCES: Chapter 26 KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember OTHER: Classification Questions

64. the movement of sucrose in plants ANSWER: c POINTS: 1
65. the loss of water from plants ANSWER: a POINTS: 1
66. loss of nutrients from soil, often by water flow ANSWER: d POINTS: 1
67. loss of soil by wind or water ANSWER: e POINTS: 1
68. reduction of contaminants in soil by plants ANSWER: b POINTS: 1