Plant Reproduction: Chapter 40 Exam Study Guide, Exams of Biochemistry

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1. Most plants are adept at asexual reproduction. What is the probable explanation for the energy spent for sexual reproduction? A) Photosynthesis produces so much sugar and oxygen, they need to be used. B) Sexual reproduction ensures that the same genes will be passed on to offspring. C) Sexual reproduction mixes up genes, contributing to variation in a species. D) Sexual reproduction is a sign of good health of the organism. Answer: C Explanation: C) This question is straightforward: students should know that asexual reproduction results in genetically identical (theoretically) individuals; sexual reproduction mixes up the genes via meiosis, crossover, and recombination. Reference: Section 40. Bloom's Level: Comprehension/Remembering LOs: Chp40-1. Explain the concept of alternation of generations.

2. What is an essential part of alternation of generations in plants? A) meiosis to produce gametes B) meiosis to produce zygotes C) mitosis to produce gametes D) fertilization to produce spores E) fertilization to produce gametes Answer: C Explanation: C) This question usually needs illustration and explanation. Meiosis produces spores; in seed plants, these are microspores and megaspores. Fertilization produces zygotes. Mitosis in the gametophyte produces gametes. Reference: Section 40. Bloom's Level: Comprehension/Remembering LOs: Chp40-1. Explain the concept of alternation of generations.

3. What is the similarity between spores and gametes? A) They are produced by meiosis. B) They are haploid. C) They divide by mitosis. D) They can fuse with another cell to form a new organism. E) They are made by a sporophyte. Answer: B Reference: Section 40. Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp40-1. Explain the concept of alternation of generations.

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8. While looking at a flower in your garden, you notice that it has carpels with very long styles and stamens with very short filaments. This plant is most likely to reproduce by A) cross-pollination. B) selfing. C) asexually. Answer: A Explanation: A) In selfing, plant carpels and stamens are usually similar in size so pollen can be easily transferred. Reference: Section 40.1, 40. Bloom's Level: Comprehension

9. Which of the following correctly identifies the function of the flower part named? A) Sepals protect the flower bud. B) Petals attract seed-dispersing animals. C) The stigma produces pollen. D) The carpel attracts pollinators. E) All of these answers are correct. Answer: A Explanation: A) Students habitually mix up pollination and seed dispersal when thinking about flower parts and fruits. Reference: Section 40. Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp40-2. Describe the gametophyte structures in angiosperms and explain how they function in the event of double fertilization.

10. Home flower gardeners in northern latitudes like to grow plants that flower only in the spring or flower only in the late summer and fall. They are planting flowers that are most sensitive to A) their summer vacation schedule. B) night length. C) temperature differences. D) the watering schedule. E) fertilizer applications. Answer: B Explanation: B) Flowers that bloom all summer are usually not sensitive to day (night) length. Spring flowers and late summer/fall flowers are usually short-day (long-night) plants. Reference: Section 40. Bloom's Level: Comprehension

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11. A summer occupation in the Corn Belt states is de-tasseling the corn: removing unwanted male flowers so that female flowers on the same plant are pollinated by the desired pollen for the hybrid corn. What does this tell you about corn? A) The flowers are perfect and the plant is dioecious. B) The flowers are perfect and the plant is monoecious. C) The flowers are imperfect and the plant is dioecious. D) The flowers are imperfect and the plant is monoecious. Answer: D Explanation: D) The key phrase here is "flowers on the same plant." De-tasseling still occurs, but seed companies are evidently working on male-sterile plants that will deprive lots of tall teenagers of hard, but good-paying, summer work. Reference: Section 40. Bloom's Level: Comprehension/Remembering LOs: Chp40-2. Describe the gametophyte structures in angiosperms and explain how they function in the event of double fertilization.

12. The sperm and egg each contribute 50% of the nuclear genetic material to the zygote that becomes the embryo and the new plant. Mitochondria and plastids that become chloroplasts are passed primarily from the female parent. What feature of the male or female gametophytes accounts for this? A) The female gametophyte is small and mobile and can pack a lot of cytoplasm into a tiny space. B) The female gametophyte is larger and formed from one surviving megaspore. C) The male gametophyte is formed in the anthers. D) Meiosis is not involved in the formation of the female gametophyte. Answer: B Explanation: B) This process is similar to the formation of polar bodies and the resultant egg in animals. Reference: Section 40. Bloom's Level: Comprehension/Remembering LOs: Chp40-2. Describe the gametophyte structures in angiosperms and explain how they function in the event of double fertilization.

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16. Cottonwood, aspen, and willow trees have drab-colored flowers with no petals that appear before the tree's leaves are out in the spring; they are dioecious. What does that indicate about these trees? A) Their insect pollinators are probably color blind. B) Early spring birds are probably the pollinators. C) Their pollen is dispersed by wind. D) Flower color or shape is not related to pollinators. Answer: C Explanation: C) This phenomenon is perhaps most familiar in pussy willows. Reference: Section 40. Bloom's Level: Comprehension/Remembering LOs: Chp40-2. Describe the gametophyte structures in angiosperms and explain how they function in the event of double fertilization.

17. It is estimated that animal- or insect-pollinated plants produce 1000 pollen grains for each ovule; wind-pollinated plants produce 1,000,000 pollen grains for each ovule. What does that indicate about pollination systems? A) Wind-pollinated plants rarely produce seeds. B) Wind pollination is more efficient than animal-assisted pollination. C) Wind pollination is less efficient than animal-assisted pollination. D) Wind pollination is costlier to the plant than animal-assisted pollination. Answer: C Explanation: C) It is less energetically expensive to make pollen than to make ovules; this is because pollen grains are smaller, though more numerous. There must be a discussion of energy investment by a plant for these structures. There also is a cost in feeding animal pollinators, because many animal-pollinated flowers have nectaries. Reference: Section 40. Bloom's Level: Comprehension LOs: Chp40-2. Describe the gametophyte structures in angiosperms and explain how they function in the event of double fertilization.

18. Pollen from a plant with the S 1 S 2 genotype is recognized and allowed to germinate on the

stigma of the same plant with the S 1 S 2 genotype. According to the S-system hypothesis, this indicates that the plant is A) self-compatible and can self-pollinate. B) self-compatible and must cross-pollinate. C) self-incompatible and can self-pollinate. D) self-incompatible and must cross-pollinate. Answer: A Explanation: A) Although outcrossing is common, many plants can self-fertilize, especially if they are uncommon plants in conditions where pollinators might be limited. Many plants hedge their bets and can both self-pollinate and cross-pollinate. Reference: Box 40. Bloom's Level: Comprehension LOs: Chp40-2. Describe the gametophyte structures in angiosperms and explain how they function in the event of double fertilization.

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19. If an ovary contains 50 ovules, what is the minimum number of pollen grains that must land in order to form 50 mature seeds? A) 25 B) 50 C) 100 D) It is impossible to tell. Answer: B Explanation: B) This can be a difficult question. The students get mixed up on the meaning of double fertilization and two sperm and one egg. Students then need to make the connection between zygote formation, and seed formation from the ovule. The question asks about a minimum number of pollen grains, not the exact number of pollen grains actually required. Reference: Section 40. Bloom's Level: Comprehension/Applying LOs: Chp40-2. Describe the gametophyte structures in angiosperms and explain how they function in the event of double fertilization.

20. A population of flowers varies from deep blue to nearly white. Bees are active during the day and prefer color. Moths are active at night, when colors are not very visible and white is more conspicuous. Design a scenario in which the blue and white flowers form two species where there once was one species. You must end with a conclusion that the two new species cannot interbreed (a definition of a species). Answer: Example–Blue flowers are pollinated by the bees and produce seeds that produce more blue flowers. White flowers are more visible at night and tend to produce seeds that produce more white flowers. A day/night (temporal) separation can occur with blue flowers pollinated by bees, and white flowers pollinated by moths. If specific structures are selected for that exclude the bee pollinators on white flowers, or moth pollinators are excluded from blue flowers, two populations can result. The two new species cannot interbreed because of specialization with their different pollinators. Explanation: Questions like this make excellent take-home problems. When they are done in class as a break from lecture, for example, the students' thinking is sometimes too shallow. Reference: Section 40. Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp40-2. Describe the gametophyte structures in angiosperms and explain how they function in the event of double fertilization.

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24. Suppose that 100 pollen grains land on a stigma, and 50 mature seeds are formed in the fruit. What does this indicate about the pollination process and success? A) 50% success: 100 pollen grains grew to 50 ovules, and double fertilization occurred B) 50% success: evidently, only 50 sperm pollinated 50 anthers C) 50% success: 50 sperm fertilized 50 eggs, and 50 sperm fused with 50 polar nuclei D) 50% success: 50 sperm fertilized 50 eggs, and 50 sperm fused with 100 polar nuclei Answer: D Explanation: D) In double fertilization, each pollen grain has two sperm. For mature seeds, one sperm unites with the egg and one sperm combines with two polar nuclei. Reference: Section 40. Bloom's Level: Comprehension

25. After double fertilization in angiosperms, what development sequence is correct? A) The embryo in the seed develops into endosperm. B) The ovary wall becomes the fruit. C) The ovule becomes the fruit. D) The entire carpel dries up and falls off the plant. Answer: B Explanation: B) This question deals with another connection between flower parts and fruits. Reference: Section 40. Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp41-1 & 2. Explain the influence of structure on function at any biological level. Describe how the relationship between surface area and volume changes as body size increases.

26. It is possible to make seedless tomatoes by removing the anthers of the flower and putting a hormone (auxin) on the stigma of the tomato flower. Weekly applications are required. Over the course of development, the stigma and style fall off, and the ovary develops into a normal- looking tomato with no seeds. Normally, seed and fruit formation are coordinated using hormone signaling. What does the application of auxin indicate? A) The stigma of a tomato flower produces auxin that is necessary for pollination. B) Pollen is not usually required to make fruits. C) Applied auxin must substitute for an auxin source in a developing seed. D) All of the above answers apply. Answer: C Explanation: C) Students should know that pollen lands on the stigma, and the pollen tube containing sperm grows down the style to the embryo sac. It should be established that seeds and fruits mature simultaneously (usually). How is the maturation coordinated? By hormone communication between seed (embryo) and fruit (ovary wall). Reference: Section 40. Bloom's Level: Comprehension LOs: Chp41-1 & 2. Explain the influence of structure on function at any biological level. Describe how the relationship between surface area and volume changes as body size increases.

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27. Which of these is not a step in the formation of an embryo from a zygote in the seed? A) The root and shoot systems emerge from the seed. B) Basal cells form a connection between the parent plant and the developing embryo. C) Mitosis produces a mass of cells that become the young embryo. D) Cells differentiate to form the basic plant tissue types. E) The early root-shoot axis is formed. Answer: A Explanation: A) This is a simple tracing of the events of early growth from one cell to the embryo. The order is B, C, D = E. Event A occurs after the embryo is formed. Reference: Section 40. Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp41-1 & 2. Explain the influence of structure on function at any biological level. Describe how the relationship between surface area and volume changes as body size increases.

28. Endosperm is a major part of monocot seeds. In most dicots, A) the same thing is true; there is a substantial amount of endosperm. B) endosperm never even starts to form after double fertilization. C) endosperm nutrients are repackaged into the cotyledons. D) endosperm replaces cotyledons in the seed. Answer: C Explanation: C) Endosperm in monocots (grains, grasses: corn, wheat, oats, rice, etc.) is a major food for the world's people and their animals. Reference: Section 40. Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp41-1 & 2. Explain the influence of structure on function at any biological level. Describe how the relationship between surface area and volume changes as body size increases.

29. Unripe fruits protect seeds from predation and early germination. What is the major function of ripe fruits? A) attracting pollinators B) dispersing seed C) deterring predators D) keeping the seed hydrated before germination Answer: B Explanation: B) Again, students frequently confuse pollinators with seed dispersal agents. Flower petals attract pollinators, and ripe fruits attract dispersers. Reference: Section 40. Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp41-1 & 2. Explain the influence of structure on function at any biological level. Describe how the relationship between surface area and volume changes as body size increases.

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Best Exam Study Guide Updated 2024

33. Which of these events occurs first in seed germination? A) Cell division occurs in the embryo, and growth starts. B) Mitochondria multiply and provide energy for growth processes. C) Water is taken up. D) Oxygen is produced and proteins are synthesized. E) New mRNAs and proteins are produced. Answer: C Explanation: C) Imbibing water is the first step in any seed germination. If seeds do not imbibe water, they do not germinate. Reference: Section 40. Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp41-1 & 2. Explain the influence of structure on function at any biological level. Describe how the relationship between surface area and volume changes as body size increases.

34. Which of these events happens first in nearly all seed germination? A) The cotyledons appear aboveground, turn green, and photosynthesize. B) The radicle emerges from the seed to obtain water and nutrients from the soil. C) The hypocotyl elongates to lift cotyledons aboveground. D) The cotyledons disappear as their stored nutrition is used. Answer: B Explanation: B) It is essential that roots obtain water from the soil, so that germination and early growth can continue. Reference: Section 40. Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp41-1 & 2. Explain the influence of structure on function at any biological level. Describe how the relationship between surface area and volume changes as body size increases.

35. Charles Darwin experimented with reactions of grass seedlings (monocots) relative to applied auxin (a plant hormone) and light. He used the youngest seedlings with a structure that dicots do not have. What is the name of that structure? A) coleoptile B) cotyledons C) radicle D) seed coat Answer: A Explanation: A) Monocots and dicots have cotyledons, the radicle, and seed coats; the coleoptile is unique to monocots. Reference: Section 40. Bloom's Level: Remembering LOs: Chp41-1 & 2. Explain the influence of structure on function at any biological level. Describe how the relationship between surface area and volume changes as body size increases.

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Best Exam Study Guide Updated 2024

36. If a hypocotyl does not elongate during seed germination and early seedling growth, where will the cotyledons be? A) aboveground and above the seed B) aboveground and below the seed C) in the ground with the seed coat Answer: C Explanation: C) If the hypocotyl elongates, it lifts cotyledons above the ground level. The first green structures seen are cotyledons (dicots), either fleshy as in beans or leafy as in most dicots. Reference: Section 40. Bloom's Level: Comprehension LOs: Chp41-1 & 2. Explain the influence of structure on function at any biological level. Describe how the relationship between surface area and volume changes as body size increases.

37. You find a fruit that has little hooks around the outside of the pericarp. You can assume that is/are the pollinator. A) wind B) birds C) mammals D) cannot answer based on the information given Answer: D Explanation: D) This is a trick question—you don't know what the pollinator of the flower is by looking at the fruit. Mixing up pollinators and seed dispersal agents is common. Reference: Section 40. Bloom's Level: Comprehension LOs: Chp41-1 & 2. Explain the influence of structure on function at any biological level. Describe how the relationship between surface area and volume changes as body size increases.

38. Hammer orchids resemble female thyranide wasps and release a chemical signal called pheromone to deceive male thyranide wasps and accomplish pollination. Compared to food- deceiving orchids, is it more or less likely that pollen of the hammer orchid will be transferred to the flower of the same species than to the flower of a different species? A) more likely B) less likely C) similar probability Answer: A Explanation: A) Food-deceiving orchids grow in close proximity to plants that do not deceive their pollinators. Often, pollen of these orchids is delivered to flowers of other species. Transfer of hammered orchid pollen is very specific. Reference: Section 40. Bloom's Level: Comprehension

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41. Pines, including the whitebark pine, are pioneer-type trees, meaning the young seedlings and trees need to grow in open areas with sunlight. Which of these would be most helpful in spreading the seeds of the trees? A) bears, which eat and digest the seeds B) squirrels, which bury the seeds in the shade of the pines C) rodents, which cache the seeds in their deep underground burrows D) Clark's nutcracker, which caches the seeds on sunny hillsides Answer: D Explanation: D) Bears digest the seeds, which do not go through the digestive tract. Squirrels and rodents bury or cache the seeds in the shade, where germination may occur, but the trees do not grow. These animals do not spread the seeds. Reference: Section 40. Bloom's Level: Comprehension LOs: Chp40-3. Explain the structure and function of the seed and the fruit.