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parasympathetic nervous system does what? - ✔✔maintains and restores energy; inhibits or decreases activity of organs
peripheral nervous system connects to what? - ✔✔PNS to CNS to receptors, muscles, and glands
NIHSS Stroke Scale: What is range and meaning of score? - ✔✔15-item neurological examination used to evaluate the effect of acute cerebral infarction on the levels of consciousness, language, neglect, visual- field loss, extraocular movement, motor strength, ataxia, dysarthria, and sensory loss.
Very Severe: >25.
Severe: 15 - 24.
Mild to Moderately Severe: 5 - 14.
Mild: 1 - 5
What is responsible for the fight or flight response - ✔✔sympathetic nervous system (part of ANS)
Course of cardioembolic stroke - ✔✔sudden onset of maximal neuro deficits; quick recovery after reperfusion
What is a lumbar puncture used for? - ✔✔diagnose infectious, auntoimmune issues, and paraneoplastic syndromes
What are arterial gases taken for? - ✔✔used to measure concentrations of atmospheric gases when patients are in respiratory distress
What is a non-contrast head CT scan used for? - ✔✔helpful in excluding the diagnosis of normal pressure hydrocephalus
PMHNP Board 2024 Review | 100% Correct
Answers | Verified 2025/2026 Version
What is the presentation of normal pressure hydrocephalus? - ✔✔abnormal (magnetic) gait, urinary incontinence, cognitive decline
What is an EEG used for? - ✔✔to measure brain wave activity for people with sleep or suspected seizure disorders
What is the presentation of Steven Johnson Syndrome? - ✔✔it is a specific, life-threatening drug rash characterized by blisters giving way to dermis and hives on the lining of any mucous membrane
What lab evidence supports dx of Eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS)? - ✔✔DRESS is a drug induced rash and lab work shows elevated eosinophils and liver enzymes, renal insufficiency, and positive cardiac enzymes
S/S of mixed delirium - ✔✔cyclical manifestation of psychomotor retardation and agitation with disturbance in consciousness; risk factors include infection, fever
S/S of hyperactive delirium - ✔✔psychomotor agitation, restlessness, and hypervigilence
S/S of hypoactive delirium - ✔✔psychomotor retardation and apathy
S/S and cause of vascular dementia - ✔✔2nd most common dementia caused by progressive cardio/cerebrovascular disease which manifests with cognitive decline and plateau phases where lost functioning is not regained
S/S and cause of Huntington's dementia - ✔✔Subcortical disease characterized by motor abnormalities including psychomotor slowing, choreoathetoid movements and executive dysfunction including impaired language, memory, and insight as disease progresses
S/S of Pick's disease or frontotemporal dementia - ✔✔personality change and cognitive decline
S/S of Kulver-Bucey Syndrome - ✔✔subtype of pick's disease including uninhibited cheerfulness, hypersexuality, and hyperorality
What are symptoms of dysfunction in Broca's area? - ✔✔incongruent affect, decreased motivation, impaired judgment and attention, confabulation
What is Wernicke's area? - ✔✔- Area of brain involved in understanding language
- Posterior left temporal lobe
What is the parietal lobe responsible for? - ✔✔Contains the primary somatic sensory area, which integrates somesthetic information (pressures, pain, temperature, touch)., spatial awareness and conscious awareness of the opposite side of the body
What is the occipital lobe responsible for? - ✔✔vision and coordination of eye movements; interpretation of color and movement
What are pharmacokinetics? - ✔✔what the body does to the drug (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion)
What are pharmacodynamics? - ✔✔what the drug does to the body
What does dopamine do? - ✔✔primary driver of reward system; increases sense of well-being and satisfaction
What does serotonin do? - ✔✔Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal, and reduces pain perception
What does GABA do? - ✔✔a major inhibitory neurotransmitter
it reduces arousal, aggression, anxiety, and excitation; increases sleepiness
What do cannabinoids do? - ✔✔Act as neurotransmitter to inhibit release of glutamate and GABA, thus dampening both neuronal excitation and inhibition; increases hunger, reduces motivation and sex drive
What does acetylcholine do? - ✔✔enhances muscle contractions, sweating, salivation and it is prescribed to enhance memory; helps regulate the body's internal functions
What is the antagonist effect? - ✔✔Drug binds to the receptor but does not activate a biological response
What is the agonist effect? - ✔✔drug binds to receptor and activates response
What is the inverse agonist effect? - ✔✔does not bind to receptors and has opposite effect of agonist
What is the partial agonist effect? - ✔✔binds to receptors but does not fully activate it; muted biological response
What does norepinephrine do? - ✔✔helps control alertness and arousal; associated with fight or flight; implicated in depression and mania
What are extensive metabolizers? - ✔✔normal metabolizers; prescribe as directed
What are poor metabolizers? - ✔✔requires lower dose of medication and longer titration schedule and the patient still may not achieve therapeutic effect
What are slow metabolizers? - ✔✔require lower doses of medication because it stays in system longer
What are ultra-rapid metabolizers - ✔✔need higher doses because it is processed out quickly
Tachyphylaxis - ✔✔rapid decrease in response to a drug; "poop out"
What does an enzyme inhibitor do? - ✔✔slows down catabolism and makes NT to remain in circulation longer
Appearance of depressed children - ✔✔psychomotor agitation, anxiousness, irritability, dysphoria, selectively mute, flat affect
What is rumination disorder? - ✔✔Feeding disorder of infancy and early childhood; regurgitation after eating without swallowing the spit up food; common in infants with unstable environments and a variety of caretakers; lasts at least 1 month
Signs of bulimia and anorexia - ✔✔Russell's sign, hypertrophy of salivary glands, erosion of dental enamel (rectal prolapse only in bulimia)
What is stilted speech? - ✔✔Awkwardly formal, even archaic, speech incorporating unnecessarily complex words; common in schizophrenia
What is fictitious disorder? - ✔✔falsification of physical or psychological S/S associated with identified deception (intentionally cause self injury to receive medical attention) AKA Munchausen's
What is malingering disorder? - ✔✔fraudulent simulation or exaggeration of symptoms with the intention of financial or other gain; or to avoid consequences
What is a somatoform disorder? - ✔✔A mental illness that causes bodily symptoms that cannot be tracked back to any specific cause; unrelated symptoms
What is dysdiadochokinesia (DDK)? - ✔✔impaired ability to perform rapid alternating movements
What is agraphesthesia? - ✔✔inability to recognize symbols, letters or numbers traced on the skin
What is choreiform movement? - ✔✔repetitive and rapid, jerky, involuntary movement that appears to be well-coordinated
What is astereognosis? - ✔✔The inability to identify objects through touch
What is Cotard's syndrome? - ✔✔person believes he or she is dead; associated with psychotic depression
What is Capgras syndrome? - ✔✔- fixed belief the pt has that familiar people have been replaced by identical imposters who behave exactly like original person; associated with psychosis
Acute Intermittent Porphyria (AIP) S/S and test - ✔✔screened in urine; manic or psychotic symptoms; associated with abd pain, N/V muscle pain, numbness, hallucinations, and paranoia; occurs after excessive alcohol consumption; rec drug use; stress or fasting
Circumstantial speech - ✔✔overly inclusive speech pattern that includes unnecessary details and digressions, but eventually reaches the point
Tangential speech - ✔✔Listener responds by taking the topic in a different, but related direction; never returns to main point
Flight of ideas - ✔✔a confused state in which thoughts and speech go in all directions with no unifying concept
Loosening association of speech - ✔✔illogical connection between thoughts digressing in multiple directions but sentence structure remains in tact
What sleep stage has night terrors and parasomnia? - ✔✔3/4; within 3 hrs of falling asleep
What are intersecting pentagons - ✔✔used to assess visuospatial impairment; functioning of parietal lobe, basal ganglia, and prefrontal cortex
pseudocyesis - ✔✔a sensation of being pregnant when a true pregnancy does not exist
Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) - ✔✔most commonly inherited cause of intellectual disability; when a DNA series makes too many copies of itself and turns off a gene on the X chromosome; associated with autism, schizotypal PD, ADHD, social anx disorder
Cluster A disorders - ✔✔paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal
Rhett's syndrome (genetically) - ✔✔disruption in social interactions during regressive phases and characterized by impaired physical growth, loss of hand movements, and poor coordination
Lab values indicating alcoholism - ✔✔decreased MVC and increased triglycerides
PICO - ✔✔Patient/population
Intervention
Comparison
Outcome
Cochrane Database - ✔✔The most comprehensive collection of systematic reviews; used for evidence based treatment
What does prozac do to statins? - ✔✔increases statin concentrations bc
imipramine - ✔✔TCA antidepressant; used for nocturnal enuresis d/t anticholinergic effects
Doxepin SE and dosing - ✔✔TCA, anticholinergic properties like dry mouth, orthostasis, urinary hesitancy, and retention leading to dysuria. Dosed at 25 to 300 daily with a therapeutic plasma range of 100-
Late on-set SE of antidepressants - ✔✔emotional disinhibition; apathy; emotional blunting d/t downstream effect of serotonin on the dopamine NT system in frontal lobe
Haldol warning about absorption - ✔✔do not take within 2 hrs of antacid; interferes with absorption
Foods with tyramine include... - ✔✔Aged cheeses and meats; smoked fish soy sauce
Risperdal SE - ✔✔insomnia, agitation, orthostatic hypotension, headache, anxiety
existential therapy - ✔✔Victor Frankl -an insight therapy that focuses on the elemental problems of existence, such as death, meaning, choice, and responsibility, emphasized making courageous life choices. It tries to promote self-knowledge and self-actualization. It emphasizes free will and believes that through choices one can become the person he or she wants to be. Concepts of free will, meaning, freedom, and isolation are identified with existential therapy.
interpersonal theory - ✔✔Harry Stack Sullivan: The theory that personality development and behavior disorders are related to and determined by relationships between persons. People are goal directed towards attainment of satisfaction and security needs. Sense of self is determined by how a person feels others view them
Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder - ✔✔A pattern of behavior in which a child actively approaches and interacts with unfamiliar adults; can be a response to child abuse or neglect
