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PNB 2264 EXAM 2 LATEST 2025 - 26 STUDY GUIDE/KEY CONCEPTS UCONN HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY AND ANATOMY (HIGH YEILD) hinge joints
- concave surface articulating with a convex surface
- movement pair: flexion/extension pivot joints
- cylinder shape rotates within a ring of bone or ligament
- movement: rotation biaxial anatomy and functions
- condyloid and saddle
- 2 axes of rotation
- 2 movement pairs: flexion/extension + abduction/adduction PLUS circumduction condyloid joints ovoid-shaped process articulate with a shallow cavity ex: wrist (oval sticking out)
saddle joints distinctly shaped articulating surfaces ex: opposable thumbs are special to our evolution triaxial joint anatomy and function
- ball and socket joint
- 3 axes of rotation/3 degrees of freedom
- movement pairs: flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, rotations + combined movement circumduction ball and socket joints
- spherical surface articulating with a cup-shaped socket
- ex: shoulder and hip nonaxial joints anatomy and function
classes of the bone 1.) long bones: arm, leg 2.) short bones: square: feet, hand 3.) flat bones: flatter than round (protect brain or sternum) 4.) irregular bones: vertebra (bone shaped like an animal ) 5.) sesamoid bone: form inside tendon (ex: patella) gross structure of a long bone 1.) diaphysis 2.) metaphysis 3.) epiphysis 4.) marrow cavity (red: active or yellow: inactive) compact bone: long bone contains osteons, lamellae
spongy bone: long bone forms lattice network of trabeculae: lighten the weight of the bone periosteum of long bone outside covering of the diaphysis, fibrous connective tissue membrane endosteum of long bone active layer which contains osteoblasts: thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity epiphyseal plate of long bone growth plate: consists of hyaline cartilage epiphyseal line of long bone
the wrist is a ___________ joint with ____ degrees of freedom, and _____ planes of movement biaxial, 2 DOF, and 2 planes of movement: back/forward and side to side the type of connection between bones in a joint (structure) determines the ________ function inverse relationship between mobility and stability mobility is going to come at the cost of stability
- sutures: limited mobility, but are more stable and protective
- shoulder joint: more mobility, but less stable and more prone to injury classification by structure: categories fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial (what type of tissue is between the two bones)
classification by function: categories
- synarthrosis: immovable (skull)
- amphiarthrosis: slightly moveable (pubic symphysis)
- diarthrosis: freely moveable anatomical position
- superior vs inferior
- anterior vs. posterior
- proximal vs. distal
- medial vs. lateral flexion and extension movements occur in ____________ plane sagittal: midline flexion definition typically "bends" the joint, decreasing the angle between bones
abduction definition movement away from the midline adduction definition movement towards the midline midline definition can refer to the body's midline or midline of another structure circumduction movements occur in both __________ and ___________ planes sagittal and frontal plane circumduction definition combination of movements in a cone-like shape
rotation movements occur around the _____________ axis of the moving segment longitudinal rotation includes
- Rotation of the head on the neck
- Rotation of the intervertebral discs of the spine
- Rotations possible at ball-and-socket joints pronation definition turning the palm downward: "In pronation, I can dribble a basketball like a PRO player" supination definition turning the hand so the palm is upward or facing anteriorly: "I can hold soup in my hands for supination"
forward retraction pulls back opposition definition special movement of hand where thumb touches any finger ("pincer" grasp): sets us apart from other organisms types of fibrous joints: sutures, syndesmois, gomphosis types of cartilaginous joints: synchondrosis, symphysis
types of synovial joints: uniaxial, biaxial, triaxial, and nonaxial all fibrous and cartilaginous joints are either going to be __________________ or _______________ in terms of movement synarthrosis or amphiarthrosis synovial joints are ALWAYS ___________ in terms of movement diarthrosis: freely moving sutures definition connect bones of the skull and are immovable: synarthrosis fontanels definition incompletely ossified areas present in fetal and infant skulls and become ossified by age 2: large areas of irregular connective tissue that allows some movement of the skull during birth
synovial joint: basic anatomy
- characterized by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid
- freely moveable joints
- most common joint in appendicular skeleton
- all share common anatomy
- all synovial joints are encased in a joint capsule function of synovial fluid cushion, lubricate, and nourish (at the ends of long bone there is cartilage that is going to be encased in synovial cavity and articular cartilage: because hyaline cartilage is avascular, there needs to be nourishment from somewhere else, meaning synovial fluid brings in oxygen and nutrients) bursa function a "pillow" filled with synovial fluid: surrounded by synovial membrane and reduces friction
tendon sheath function "sleeve" filled with synovial fluid: sleeve around tendon: attach muscles to bone (reduces friction and is mainly in wrists and fingers) uniaxial joints anatomy and features
- hinge or pivot
- 1 axis of rotation
- 1 plane of movement, 1 movement pair Particular cartilage of long bone
- layer of hyaline cartilage that lines the locations of articulation or where our bones meet to form a joint
- hyaline cartilage: cushion + reduces friction between bones coming together blood supply of long bone
- provide flexibility during birth and growth endochondral ossification
- bone replaces hyaline cartilage
- forms most bones of the body as long as hyaline cartilage remains at the epiphyseal plate ---> the long bone is capable of increasing in length: bone growth long bone growth: growth in length
- cartilage proliferation on the epiphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate
- ossification (conversion to bone) occurs on the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate
- the process continues until chondrocytes stop proliferating and the entire growth plate ossifies
long bone growth: appositional growth or increase in width
- THINK WEIGHT TRAINING (pregnant)
- adding layers (and remodeling marrow cavity)
- compact bone thickens and strengthens long bone with layers of circumferential lamellae
- can occur in adult bone remodeling
- bone remodeling occurs in response to changes in demand (force or load)
- for example: weight training (increased force) or prolonged bed rest (decreased forced)
- Wolff's Law: bones remodel in response to compressive force Wolff's Law states bones remodel in response to compressive bone: remodel in response to compressive force (remodeling to increased or decreased force)
