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- POLI- 2051 Practice Exam 2 Guide 2025-
According to Russell Neuman, the “paradox of mass politics” is that the American political system works as well as it does despite lhe public’s lack of knowledge about politics Conservatives generally favor the __sector.- CORRECT ANSWER private How does lower voter turnout among young citizens affect the composition of those who show up at the polls? - CORRECT ANSWER: vonservalives are overrepresented at the polls. political partic: ipalion - C EF-all the activilics used by citizons to influence the selection of political leaders or the policies they pursue If the poor participated at higher levels in the political process, what might happen? - government programs to alleviate economic inequality would likely be on the political agenda had read the Which of the Ina random sample of 1,000 high school students, 29 percent indicated that 1 Declaration of Independence al least once, wilh a sampling crror of 4 pereent. the effect of aging on political participation - CORRECT ANSWER Aging increases political participation until the infirmities of old age make it hard to participate. When do blacks participate more in politics than whites? - CORR! ANSWER-when their levels of education are equal to those of whites unconventional political participation - CORRECT ANSWER-staging a sit-in 1936 Literary Digest poll that predicted Roosevelt's reelection defeat 1- CORR: INSWER- The poll oversampled those with higher income. Women are more likely than men to cast their ballots for which type of candidate’ A\s lechnology has enabled the media to pass along information with grcator speed, news ANSWER-less thorough The relationship between politicians and the press was during the 20th century until the 1969s. - C ANSWER-cozy Policy entrepreneurs are people who invest in an issue. - CORRECT ANSWER- political capital Television, radio, newspapers, magazines, the Internet, and other forms of communication - Critics of pluralism have noted that - CORRECT ANS of the few WER-power is concentrated in the hands selective benefits - CORRECT ANSWER-goods that a group can restrict to those who actually Join What does intensity contribute to the success of an interest group? - CORRECT ANSWER- Politicians are more likely to listen to a group showing intensity. public interest lobby a group that works to gain benefits for society as a whole When a case that an interest group is interested in comes before the Supreme Court, the group can as ER-filo an amicus curiac brief in support of onc side of the case consequence of hyperpluralism - CORRECT ANSWEF-contradictory and confusing policy union shop - CORRECT ANSWER-A company in which new employees must join a union and and stay in it as long as they Which of the following comes closest to James Madison's conception of factions? - CORRECT ANSWER- interest groups Which of the following is a typical way for lobbyists to seek to influence members of Congress? - yy providing specialized expertise example of the free-rider problem - CORRECT ANSWER-an environmentalist deciding not to vironmental group but appr Join an e1 ing the group’s environmental stewardship Which of the following statements about campaign contributions made by corporate PACs to candidates for the U.S. House of Representatives is true - CORRECT ANSWER-A majority of corporate PAC contributions go Lo the candidates of whichever party controls the House. Which type of organization would find it easiest to overcome the free-rider problem? - CORRECT ANSWER trade association for a small industry You are the leader of an environmental organization working to address the problem of climate change. What would be the most cffective way Lo overcome the [rce-rider problem? - ANSW: “F-Offer a T-shirt as an incentive to join the group. A filibuster can be ended through ; itrequires the approval of _____ senators. - CORRECT ANSWER-cloture: sixty Congress is __ than the general population. - CORRECT ANSWER-wealthier Congress missed the fact that various agencies with responsibility for supervising the banking industry were negligent in identifying looming financial problems that led to the recession of 2008-2009. This suggests a failure of _ .- CORRECT ANSWER-oversight Most. of the work of Congress goes on in - { Most of the work of Congress goes on in stablished for a core function of political parties - CORR. Akey component of Anthony Downs’s rational-choice model - CORRECT ANSWEF-parties want to win office Critics of the responsible party model claim that - CORR! ANSWER-it is too simple for the complexity and diversity of American society One of the consequences of wo-parly government is - CORRECT ANSWER-the moderation of political conflict Richard Nixon's “Southern Strategy” - CORRECT ANS over to the Republican Party in what was a Democratic stronghold at the time. The New Deal coalition fell apart after nearly four decades of political control with the movement of _ from the Democratic Party to the Republican Party. - CORRECT ANSWER-Southern conservatives Todays youngest voters are most likely to identify as - ORRECT. ANSWER Independents demise of party machines - C based hiring system disadvantage of divided government - CORRECT ANSWEF-It does not allow for clear accountability on policy Party in the Electorate (PIE) - CORRECT ANSWEF-the group of citizens who identify with a specific political party critical election - CORRECT ANSWER-An election when significant groups of voters change their traditional patterns of pai Which statement best describes the functioning of party machines in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? - CORR! ANSWER-Parties provided patronage jobs to loyal supporlcers in urban areas. Bocanse slates are the key baltlcgroaunds of presidential campaigns, candidates often find themselves - CORRECT. S01ic) groups - CORRECT ANSWERGroups that are exempted from reporting their contributions and can receive unlimited contributions. In 2016, the amount an individual could legally contribute to a candidate’s campaign was - CORRECT ANSWER-2,700 Why are people with higher-than-average education more likely to vote? - CORRECT Education helps voters recognize differences belween the candidat Prior to being banned in 2002 by the McCain-Feingold Act, unlimited monetary contributions that were earmarked for party-building expenses at the grassroots level or for generic party advertising were known as - CORR! ‘- soft money Johnson-Reed Act of 1924- CORRECT ANSWER Legislation that made passports and visas a requirement for entry to the United States and established national-origin quotas for European in that it was igned to increase the Nordic Population immigrants. The act was overtly racist in the United States and pul a stop Lo the growth of other groups. Changing US Immigration laws - CORRECT ANSWER-1875 Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 - into America. The Chinese Exclusion A aw that suspended Chinese immigration of 1882 was the first significant law that restricted immigration into the United States of an clinic working group. political culture - C' ‘R-an overall sol. af valucs widely sharcd within a socicly political socializ alion - CORR: attitudes and opinions-lifelong process ER-\he process by which pcople gain their political agents of socialization - CORRECT ANSWEF-family, mass media,school CORRECT ANSWER-A relatively small proportion of people who are chosen in a survey so as to be representati sample - random sample - CORRECT ANSWEF-a sample in which every element in the population has an equal chance! biased sample - sample that is not representative of the population sampling error - CORRE\ NSWE-an error that occurs when a sample somehow does not represent the target population Literary Digest Poll of 1936 Landon would beat FDR in 1¢ unemployed and blue-collar workers famous STRAW POLL which predicted Alf cause it failed to reach the poor and it was flawed push polls - CORRECT ANSWER-not real polls paradox of mass politics - CORRECT ANS it does given the discomforting lack of public knowledge about politics liberals - CORRECT ANSWER-people who generally favor government action and view change as progr conservatives - CORRECT ANSWEF-Liko to slick Lo the traditional ways of government and tend to oppose chang state, personal freedom Conservative examples - CORRECT. -few restrictions on personal freedom -law and order -some elitism 2. the party as an organization 3. the party in government offices, staff, and budget: keeps the party running the party in government - CORRECT ANSWER The group of officeholders who belong to a specific political party and v as candidates of that party. interest groups - CORRECT ANSWER-private organizations whose members share certain views and work to shape public policy: political parties - ‘ER-control linkage insLilutions - ‘ER-The channels through which pcoplo’s concems become political issues on the government's policy agenda. In the United States, linkage institutions include elections, political parties, interest groups, and the media. The Downs Model (Rational Choice Theory) - CORRECT ANSWER-(1) Voters want policies they favor adopled by government, and (2) part os want 1o win clecled office. party identification - ORRECT ANSWEF-a citizen's self-proclaimed preference for one party or the other ticket splitting - CORRECT ANSWER-Voting with one party for one office and with another party for other offi party organization - CORRECT ANSWEE-a specific political party’s leaders and workers at the national, state, and local le party machines - CORRECT ANSWER-A type of political party organization that relies heavily on material inducements, such as patronage, to win votes and to govern. Patronage - ‘-granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support party platform - A political party's statement of its goals and policies for . Thi members arc chasen in rough proportion to cach candidate’: the next four yea: platform is drafted prior to the party convention by a committee whose slrongth. party cras - CORRECT ANSWER Historical periods in which a majorily of volors cling to the party in power, which tends to win a majority of the elections. coalitions - CORRECT ANSWER-Individuals and/or groups that have common interests and perspectives Realignment - A process in which a substantial group of voters switches party allegiance, producing a long-term change in the political landscape. Delignment a movement away from the major political parties: a decline in partisan at mont organized by members of the major political par Primaries-Elections in which voters choose the nominee or delegates pledged to the nominee. Began as a progressive reform. *McGovern-Fraser Commission* Super delegates - CORRECT ANSWER-party leaders and elected officials who become delegates to the nat: tion without having to run in primar! S OF Caucuses: party leaders - ¢ > Members of the House and Senate who are chosen by the Democratic or Republican caucus in each chamber to represent the party’s interests in that chamber and who give some central direction to the chamber’s work. MeGc Democratic convention in response Lo demands for reform by minority groups and others who -A commission formed at the 1968 sought better representation. frontloading - CORRECT ANSWER-states’ decisions to move their presidential primaries and caucuses to earlier in the nomination season in order to capitalize on media attention. matching finds - CORRECT ANSWER-Contributions of up to $230 matched from the presidential Election Campaign Fund to candidates for the presidential nomination who qualify and agree to meet various conditions, such as limiting their overall spending. parucipation in primaries and caucuses - CORRECT ANSWER-low and unrepresentalive The Convenlions-Formal FuncLions corlifying the credentials of delegates at the convention. set the rules for the party for the next 4 years. develop and adopt a party platform. formal nomination of president and vice-president Electoral College who formally cast v CORRECT. ANSWER-a body of people represe s for t ting the states of the US, ion of the president and vice president. 270 electoral votes - CORR. ANSWER-Needed to win the Presidential election -Too complex -There can be a tie -You can get more popular votes and still lose ORRECT ANSWER-- Legislators must spend money to run in an election, but money spent do Money in Elections - not guarantee a win - More money spent = more competitive race - Open seats are the most expensive - Candidates “run scared” - Political Action Committees (PACs) don't “buy” candidates jon Commission (FEC). Required disclosure of al Ele sources of campaign funds (transparency), sel. limits on contributions Lo candidates (PACs = regulate federal elections. Crea $5000), spending limits for candidates, limits on independent expenditures. Federal Election Commission - CORRECT ANSWER-A six-member bipartisan agency created by the Federal Election Campaign A of 1974. The Iederal Eleclion Commission administers and enforces campaign finance laws. actual group - CORRECT ANSWER-That part of the potential group consisting of members who actually join. collective goods - CORRE: ‘ER-Goods and services, such as clean air and clean water, that by their nature cannot be denied to anyone. Electioneering - Direct group involvement in the electoral process, for example, by helping to fund campa. etting members to work for candidates, and forming Lion commilLocs. political ac ER-A campaign thal socks support at. the local level members of congress power and pay - CORRECT ANSWER-174.000 Lower House of Congres House of Representatives (435); each state is awarded representatives due to population: erms; atleast 25 and us citizen for 7 yrs Upper House of Congress - CORRECT ANSWER-Senate (100 members): each state has two senators; 6 year terms:6 year old and us citizen for 9 yrs incumbency - CORR! ANSWEF-being already in office as opposed to running for the first time ORRECT ANSWEF-franking, name recognition, pork barrel, redistricting, campaign finan incumbency advantage: cy service, access to media Bicameral Congress - CORRE ‘-2 chambers, House of Representatives and the Senate Rule Committee - CORRECT ANSWER-the “traffic cop" of the House that sets the legislative cloture - A procedure for terminating debate, especially filibusters, in the Senate. Speaker of the House - CORRECT ANSWEF-An office mandated by the Constitution. The Speaker is chosen in practice by the maic , party, has both formal and informal powers, and is second in line Lo succeed ta the presidency should that office become vacant. usually focusing on a policy area
