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Realism ✔✔Focus on the national interest and balance of power
Thucydides, Machiavellie, Richelieu, Hobbes, Matternich
Liberalism ✔✔Democratic peace, globalization, international institutions, human rights
Henry Kissinger ✔✔American diplomat and political scientist, pioneered policy of détente
Alexander Hamilton ✔✔Realist, he and John Adams organized the Federalists in the 1790s, first Secretary of Treasurer, developed concept of implied powers
Theodore Roosevelt ✔✔26th president, Realist, founder of the progressive party, believed in expanded executive power
Woodrow Wilson ✔✔20th Century, Neoconservatism, 14 points speech
Formation of Foreign Policy ✔✔National Security Council, Secretary of State, Intelligence Community, NATO, UN, World Trade Organization/International Monetary Fund
National Security Council ✔✔organization within the executive office of the president that provides foreign policy advice to the president
United Nations Security Council ✔✔one of the six principal organs of the United Nations and is charged with the maintenance of international peace and security; its powers include the establishment of peacekeeping operations, the establishment of international sanctions, and the authorization of military action through Security Council resolutions; it is the only UN body with the authority to issue binding resolutions to member states
Public Policy ✔✔whatever government attempts to do about an issue or porblem
Foreign Policy ✔✔set of political goals that seeks to outline how a particular country will interact with the other countries of the world
Domestic Policy ✔✔all government policy decisions, programs, and actions that primarily deal with internal matters
C-SPAN ✔✔covers only politics
Niche Journalism ✔✔news reporting devoted to a targeted portion of a journalism sector
New Media ✔✔internet, 75 million American read the news online, less likely to be co-opted by the government, UN declared internet access is a human right
Citizen Journalism ✔✔news reported and distributed by citizens, includes political commentary and eyewitness coverage from national crises
Social Media ✔✔increasingly popular way to get political information from candidates and interest groups, Twitter/Facebook, Twitter was the key to organization of the Occupy Wall Street movement
Framing ✔✔refers to the media's ability to influence how the American people interpret political events and results
Priming ✔✔process of preparing the public to take a particular view of an event or political actor
Sound Bites ✔✔audio equivalent of a snapshot, short block of speech by a politicians that make it on the news
Leak ✔✔secretly revealing confidential information to the press
Electoral College ✔✔we cast votes for these electors who then vote for the President in December, founders feared giving too much power to citizens
Total Electoral College Votes
Total Electoral College Votes Needed To Win The Presidency ✔✔ 538
270
Tennessee Total Electoral Votes ✔✔ 11
Al Gore ✔✔popular vote winner, but lost to the Electoral College (2000)
George W. Bush ✔✔lost the popular vote, but Electoral College winner(2000)
Legislative Referendum ✔✔practice of referring proposed laws passed by a legislature to the vote of the electorate for approval or rejection (all states)
Recall Elections ✔✔allow voters to remove governors and other state officials from office prior to their terms ending (18 states)
Voter Turnout ✔✔half of all adults vote in presidential elections
Valence Issues ✔✔issues on which the voters and candidates share the same preference (everyone wants a strong economy)
Position Issues ✔✔issues in which there are two sides (abortion, military engagements).
Party Caucuses ✔✔grassroots members of a party gather in selected locations to discuss a candidate
Presidential Primaries ✔✔voters cast ballots that send delegates to conventions who are committed to voting for a particular candidate
Open Primaries ✔✔any registered voter can vote, regardless of party affiliation (primaries)
Closed Primaries ✔✔only affiliated party members can vote in this (primaries)
Semi-Open Primaries ✔✔open to registered party members and those not affiliated with any party (primaries)
New Hampshire Primary ✔✔always the first contest, early primaries make it less likely for dark horse candidates to emerge
Interest Groups ✔✔organizations of individuals that have common political goals and aim to influence public policy, must have an objective and be able to articulate that objective to policymakers; they lobby, campaign contributions (PACs), voter registration drives, influence public opinion through the media, litigation; their roles are representation, participation, education, agenda building, provision of program alternative, and program monitoring
British Parliament ✔✔these political parties are more disciplined, however, with very few party members voting against the leadership of this
American Two-Party System ✔✔this party systems is loosely constructed built around a structure that mirrors the federal system, does not result from any direct design on the part of the Founders, but stems from structural characteristics of American government, as well as from american political culture
Federalists ✔✔Alexander Hamilton and John Adams organized this in 1790s, first American political party, pushed for stronger national government, supporters included urban bakers and businessme, advocated fiscally sound policies
Federalist Policies ✔✔called for a national bank, tariffs, and good relations with Britain
Party Machines ✔✔tightly organized party systems at the state, city, and county levels
Party Bosses ✔✔chose a party's candidates for general elections
Whig Party ✔✔Democratic-Republicans who did not join the Jackson wing, along with people from other parties, came to represent the interests of businessman and the eastern cities, elected William Henry Harrison (1840) and Zachary Taylor (1848), the party struggled due to their inability to unify their southern and northern branches
Party in Government ✔✔includes all candidates for national, state, and local offices who are elected; performs the function of governing; provides leadership for legislative and executive branches; enacts policy agendas; builds coalitions; mobilizes support for party policy
Party in the Electorate ✔✔represents ordinary citizens who identify with one of the political parties
Political Culture ✔✔this places some limit on the range of alternatives that are subjected to serious discussion
Political Values ✔✔basic feelings or judgements about what ought to be and how people ought to behave (a commitment to fairness or commitment tot he sanctity of human life)
Political Beliefs ✔✔propositions as to what is true or false (many believe that hard work will lead to success)
Conservative ✔✔these people denotes preference for limited government and support for traditional values and institutions (The Republican Party)
George Gallup ✔✔he made a national reputation for himself by correctly predicting the outcome of the 1936 election, an organization is now named after him and is regarded as the most respected and trusted polling firm
Validity ✔✔a survey question is valid if it measures what it is designed to measure
Reliability ✔✔a survey question is reliable if it would produce the same response if it were asked again
John Marshall ✔✔Chief Justice 1801-1835, Marbury v. Madison, asserted the primacy of the courts in interpreting the Constitution and statutes, observing that "it is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is"
Marbury v. Madison ✔✔1803, John Marshall Chief Justice
Judicial Review ✔✔constitutional supremacy, the rule of law, checks and balances, need to protect minorities (Brown v. Board of Education
Alexis de Tocqueville ✔✔he observed that judicial review is a "barrier against the tyrannyt of political assemblies" French man who observed American politics and author of Democracy in America 1835
Judicial Activism ✔✔judicial philosophy that embraces innovative constitutional doctrines and supports the expansion of the Court's jurisdiction and powers
Judicial Restraint ✔✔judicial philosophy that holds that judges should exercise power cautiously and show deference to precedent and to the decisions of other branches of government
The Warren Court ✔✔Chief Justice, 1953-1969; liberalism manifested in cases like Brown v. Board of Education;
Earl Warren ✔✔Chief Justice, 1953-1969; Eisenhower remarked "the biggest damn fool mistake I ever made"
Supreme Court ✔✔the power of this depends on its acceptance within the political culture; support for this is fairly strong, but could be jeopardized by decisions that run counter to public opinion; the system of checks and balances works to ensure that this will not stray too far from the ideological mainstream for too long
Bush Doctrine ✔✔policy that supports preemptive attacks as a legitimate tactic in the U.S. war on state-sponsored terrorism
CIA ✔✔the government organization that oversees foreign intelligence-gathering and related classified activities
Cold War ✔✔the half-century of competition and conflict after World War II between the United States and the Soviet Union (and their allies)
Department of Defense ✔✔the executive department charged with managing the country's military personnel, equipment, and operations
Federal Reserve System ✔✔independent commission that controls the money supply through a system of twelve federal banks
Interventionism ✔✔a foreign policy view that the United States should actively engage in the affairs of other nations in order to try to shape events in accordance with U.S. interests
Isolationism ✔✔a foreign policy view that nations should stay out of international political alliances and activities, and focus on domestic matters
Social Security ✔✔a social insurance program under which individuals make contributions during working years and collect benefits in retirement
Prospective Voting ✔✔basing voting decisions on well-informed opinions and consideration of the future consequences of a given vote
Retrospective Voting ✔✔basing voting decisions on reactions to past performance; approving the status quo or signaling a desire for change
Appellate Jurisdiction ✔✔the authority of a court to review decisions made by lower courts
Exit Polls ✔✔election-related questions asked of voters right after they vote
Certiorari ✔✔a writ seeking judicial review
Clarence Thomas ✔✔Second African-American to serve the Supreme Court, Associate Justice
Antonin Scalia ✔✔Justice of the Supreme Court, known for writing dissenting opinion, conservative
Circuit Court ✔✔known as the district court, 13
Détente ✔✔the easing of strained relations, especially in a political situation; often used in reference to the general easing of the geo-political tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States
Dick Cheney ✔✔46th vice president under George W. Bush, lots of vice presidential power
Fairness Doctrine ✔✔required that stations give free airtime to issues that concerned the public and to opposing sides when controversial issues were covered
Federal Communications Commission (FCC) ✔✔independent regulartoy agency that controlled broadcast media originally intended to protect the industry from oversaturation.
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) ✔✔a United States government corporation operating as an independent agency created by the Banking Act of 1933
Huffington Post ✔✔an American online news aggregator and blog
Idealism ✔✔group of philosophies which assert that reality, or reality as we can know it, is fundamentally mental, mentally constructed, or otherwise immaterial
International Monetary Fund (IMF) ✔✔their goal was to assist in the reconstruction of the world's international payment system post-WWII
Implementation ✔✔process of putting a plan or decision into place
Impoundment ✔✔act by a President of the United States of not spending money that has been appropriated by the U.S. Congress
