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Portage |! genetics |! module |! 4 |! Exam |!
with |! precise |! detailed |! solutions
Why |! are |! bacteria |! excellent |! tools |! for |! genetic |! research? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ -grow |! quickly -easy |! to |! isolate |! one |! strain |! or |! species |! -can |! be |! grown |! in |! any |! laboratory |! (little |! risk, |! inexpensive |! nutrients) what |! is |! spontaneous |! mutation |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ bacteria |! undergo |! random |! mutations |! that |! may |! be |! advantageous |! to |! survival what |! is |! adaptive |! immunity |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ when |! a |! species |! adapts |! to |! a |! pathogen |! via |! "induced |! resistance" (some |! cells |! survive |! the |! pathogen |! and |! then |! reproduce |! to |! make |! more |! cells |! that |! are |! resistant) why |! is |! "selection" |! of |! bacteria |! and |! mutations |! used |! in |! the |! lab? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ bacteria |! are |! grown |! in |! conditions |! that |! allow |! the |! mutated |! bacteria |! to |! survive, |! while |! the |! wild |! type |! bacteria |! do |! not
How |! do |! scientists |! actually |! use |! selection |! of |! bacteria |! in |! the |! lab? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ adding |! a |! resistance |! marker |! to |! the |! DNA |! plasmid |! that |! contains |! the |! gene |! of |! intrest What |! two |! ways |! are |! bacteria |! grown |! in |! lab |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ liquid |! culture |! or |! agar Bacteria |! are |! usually |! grown |! in |! minimal |! medium, |! what |! does |! this |! mean? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ medium |! that |! contains |! all |! the |! necessary |! organic |! compounds |! for |! the |! bacteria |! to |! survive Bacteria |! that |! can |! grow |! on |! minimal |! media |! are |! called: |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ prototrophic What |! does |! being |! prototrophic |! mean? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ bacteria |! can |! grow |! with |! no |! additional |! nutrients |! or |! reagents what |! is |! the |! lag |! phase |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ growth |! is |! very |! slow what |! is |! log |! phase |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ exponential |! growth When |! bacteria |! reaches |! to |! ______________ |! in |! a |! culture, |! it |! will |! enter |! stationary |! phase |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ 1 |! million |! cells |! per |! ml
conjugation |! is |! made |! possible |! by |! what |! cell |! structure? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ F- |! pilus cells |! capable |! of |! donating |! genetic |! material |! contain |! a |! : |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ Fertility |! factor |! ( |! F- |! factor) a |! fertility |! factor |! is |! now |! know |! to |! be |! a: |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ plasmid |! (circular |! DNA |! molecule) E. |! coli |! is |! known |! to |! have |! plasmids. |! do |! all |! e. |! coli |! cells |! have |! plasmids? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ no, |! not |! all |! of |! them where |! do |! plasmids |! reside |! within |! a |! cell |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ cytoplasm What |! two |! ways |! can |! plasmids |! exist |! within |! a |! cell |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ high |! copy |! or |! low |! copy a |! high |! copy |! plasmid |! will |! produce: |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ high |! expression |! of |! the |! plasmid what |! are |! R |! plasmids |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ plasmids |! that |! code |! for |! antibiotic |! resistance
R |! plasmids |! have |! what |! factor? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ resistance |! - transfer |! factor |! (RTF) (and |! r |! determinants) RTFs |! confer |! the |! genes |! that |! are |! necessary |! for: |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ transfer |! of |! genetic |! information |! between |! bacteria what |! do |! r |! determinants |! do? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ encode |! the |! genes |! that |! confer |! specific |! antibiotic |! resistance the |! most |! common |! resistances |! to |! antibiotics |! are |! seen |! in |! what |! antibiotics? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ -ampicillin |! -tetracycline -kanamycin |! -chloramphenicol |! -streptomycin Why |! is |! MRSA |! so |! bad? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ -common |! in |! hospitals -resistant |! to |! multiple |! antibiotics -difficult |! to |! treat
- |! DNA |! repair |!
- |! cell |! replication Once |! bacterial |! transformation |! has |! occurred, |! the |! bacterial |! DNA |! is |! known |! as |! : |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ heteroduplex what |! does |! it |! mean |! to |! be |! a |! heteroduplex? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ having |! two |! slices |! of |! nucleotides |! that |! are |! not |! identical |! matches What |! is |! a |! bacteriophage |! aka |! a |! phage? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ virus |! that |! uses |! bacteria |! as |! it's |! host define |! transduction |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ the |! genetic |! recombination |! of |! material |! in |! bacteria |! via |! phages Where |! is |! viral |! DNA |! stored? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ within |! the |! head |! of |! the |! virus what |! are |! the |! components |! of |! the |! tail |! structure |! of |! a |! virus? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ tube |! sheath |! with |! spike base |! plate |! with |! tail |! fibers
Where |! are |! the |! recognition |! signals |! for |! the |! host |! cell |! located |! on |! a |! virus? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ the |! base |! plate What |! happens |! after |! the |! base |! plate |! attaches |! to |! the |! host |! cell? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ the |! tube |! chest |! becomes |! compressed |! and |! the |! DNA |! is |! shot |! into |! the |! host |! cell What |! happens |! to |! the |! host |! cell |! after |! it's |! been |! injected |! with |! viral |! DNA? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ -viral |! DNA |! replicates |! and |! makes |! new |! viruses -host |! cell |! lyses |! and |! releases |! the |! new |! viruses define |! virulent |! phages |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ viruses |! that |! lyse |! their |! host |! cell What |! is |! a |! prophage? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ the |! product |! of |! viruses |! integrating |! bacterial |! chromosomes |! and |! producing |! bacterial |! cells |! with |! bacterial |! and |! viral |! DNA what |! often |! has |! to |! happen |! for |! a |! prophage |! virus |! to |! replicate? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ a |! stimulating |! event |! ( |! environmental |! or |! chemical |! stimulus)
what |! percent |! of |! the |! worlds |! antibiotic |! usage |! goes |! into |! live |! stock? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ 80% why |! is |! the |! development |! of |! new |! antibiotics |! difficult? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ it |! would |! require |! targeting |! extensive |! metabolic |! pathways what |! does |! "basal |! level" |! of |! gene |! activity |! mean? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ all |! genes |! are |! procured |! in |! small |! numbers, |! but |! can |! be |! produced |! more |! drastically |! when |! called |! upon when |! genetic |! conditions |! are |! good, |! what |! type |! of |! genes |! will |! be |! the |! most |! active? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ metabolic when |! genetic |! conditions |! are |! not |! good, |! which |! genes |! will |! be |! more |! active? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ cellular |! survival gene |! products |! that |! are |! regulated |! in |! responce |! to |! the |! environment |! are: |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ enzymatic |! (aka |! enzymes) define |! enzyme |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ a |! substance |! produced |! by |! a |! living |! organism |! that |! acts |! as |! a |! catalyst |! to |! bring |! about |! a |! specific |! biochemical |! reaction.
what |! are |! the |! three |! categories |! of |! enzymes |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ - inducible |! enzymes -repressive |! enzymes -constitutive |! enzymes inducible |! enzymes |! are |! turned |! _____ |! when |! certain |! substrates |! are |! present |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ on inducible |! enzymes |! are |! under |! _________ |! control |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ positivew what |! does |! positive |! control |! mean |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ enzyme |! is |! turned |! off |! until |! turned |! on |! by |! regulator |! enzyme genes |! that |! are |! turned |! off |! in |! response |! to |! a |! specific |! condition |! are |! called: |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ repressive |! enzymes repressive |! enzymes |! are |! under |! _______ |! control |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ negative what |! is |! negative |! control |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ the |! enzyme |! is |! turned |! on |! until |! it |! is |! told |! to |! turn |! off
what |! does |! lacZ |! do? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ encodes |! beta- galactosidase -converts |! lactose |! to |! glucose |! and |! galactose what |! does |! lacY |! do? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ encodes |! permease -gets |! lactose |! into |! the |! cell what |! does |! lacA |! do? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ encodes |! transacetylase -remove |! toxins isopropylthiogalactoside |! (IPTG) |! is |! known |! as |! a |! : |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ gratuitous |! inducer what |! does |! a |! gratuitous |! inducer |! do? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ actives |! genes |! (but |! doesn't |! get |! metabolized |! in |! the |! process) What's |! the |! benefit |! of |! using |! a |! IPTG/ |! gratuitous |! inducer? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ You |! can |! run |! the |! operon |! without |! having |! to |! keep |! "refilling" |! it |! with |! the |! enzyme |! (to |! study |! it)
When |! lactose |! is |! not |! present, |! what |! gene |! makes |! repressor |! enzymes |! that |! bind |! to |! the |! DNA? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ lacI how |! is |! the |! repressor |! removed |! from |! the |! DNA |! sequence |! to |! allow |! the |! cell |! to |! metabolize |! lactose? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ the |! sugar |! (lactose) |! binds |! to |! the |! repressor |! which |! lifts |! it |! off |! the |! DNA sRNAs |! will |! bind |! to |! the |! nucleotide |! sequence |! to: |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ block |! or |! enhance |! gene |! activity (can |! bind |! when |! in |! stress |! go |! help |! survival) What's |! an |! example |! of |! a |! sRNA? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ RhyB |! in |! E. |! coli, |! controls |! iron |! expression What |! are |! the |! benefits |! of |! phage |! therapy? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ - bacterium |! specific -doesn't |! require |! long |! term |! therapy What |! are |! the |! cons |! of |! phage |! therapy? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ - unknown |! long |! term |! consequences |! -phage |! resistance |! could |! arise -must |! be |! 100% |! what |! bacteria |! is |! causing |! infection
