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Portage |! BIOD |! 210 |! genetics |!
module |! 6 |! exam |! with |! verified |!
answers
What |! are |! uses |! of |! microorganisms |! that |! is/are |! important |! in |! biotechnology? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ -Production |! of |! medicines EX: |! Antibiotics, |! vitamins Synthesis |! of |! human |! insulin |! in |! recombinant |! E. |! coli -Food |! fermentation EX: |! Cheese, |! yogurt, |! vinegar, |! wine, |! and |! beer -Biological |! control EX: |! Control |! of |! plant |! diseases, |! insect |! pests, |! and |! weeds, |! Symbiotic |! nitrogen |! fixation, |! Prevention |! of |! frost |! formation -bioremediation |! EX: |! Cleanup |! of |! environmental |! pollutants |! such |! as |! petroleum |! hydrocarbons |! and |! synthetics |! that |! are |! difficult |! to |! degrade
What |! is |! the |! purpose |! of |! using |! CNBr |! in |! this |! experiment? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ it |! separates |! β-galactosidase |! from |! the |! A |! or |! B |! chain What |! is |! the |! difference |! between |! a |! gene |! knockout |! and |! a |! gene |! knockin? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ In |! a |! gene |! knockout, |! the |! function |! of |! a |! gene |! is |! eliminated. |! For |! diploid |! organisms, |! both |! copies |! are |! inactivated. |! In |! a |! gene |! knockin |! (in |! mice), |! a |! gene |! is |! added |! to |! a |! noncritical |! site |! in |! the |! genome. Why |! is |! a |! β-lactoglobulin |! promoter |! used? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ because |! its |! expressed |! in |! mammary |! cells In |! the |! protocol, |! why |! is |! the |! nucleus |! of |! the |! oocyte |! removed? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ so |! that |! the |! resulting |! organism |! contains |! genetic |! material |! only |! from |! the |! somatic |! cell Explain |! why |! stem |! cells |! are |! not |! depleted |! during |! the |! life |! of |! an |! organism |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ .When |! stem |! cells |! divide, |! they |! produce |! one |! cell |! that |! remains |! a |! stem |! cell |! and |! another |! cell |! that |! differentiates. |! This |! pattern |! maintains |! a |! population |! of |! stem |! cells.
Transgenic |! livestock |! may |! produce |! human |! proteins, |! such |! as |! hormones, |! in |! their |! ______ |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ milk Biological |! control |! refers |! to |! the |! use |! of |! _____ |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ microorganisms |! or |! their |! products |! to |! alleviate |! plant |! problems Biological |! control |! agents |! can |! prevent |! disease |! in one |! of |! two |! main |! ways: |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ -Non |! pathogens |! are |! used |! to |! compete |! effectively |! against |! pathogens |! for |! nutrients |! or |! space -Micro |! organism |! may |! produce |! toxins |! that |! inhibit |! other |! microorganisms |! or |! insects, |! but |! not |! the |! plant Agrobacterium |! radiobacter |! to |! prevent |! crown |! gall |! disease |! caused |! by |! Agrobacterium |! tumefaciens.......explain |! how |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ A.radiobacter |! produces |! agrocin |! 84 |! (gene |! found |! in |! plasmid |! that |! can |! be |! transferred |! via |! conjugation)..... |! an |! antibiotic |! that |! kills |! A. |! tumefaciens The |! term |! bioremediation |! refers |! to |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ the |! use |! of |! microorganisms |! to |! reduce |! environmental |! pollutants
treatment |! of |! hazardous |! and |! refractory |! wastes |! associated |! with |! chemical |! and |! industrial |! activity such |! as: |! petroleum |! hydrocarbons, |! pesticides, |! herbicides, |! organic |! solvents, |! etc. another |! biological |! control |! agent |! is |! BT |! which |! stands |! for |! bacillus |! thuringiensis |! which |! produces |! a |! protein |! called...... |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ delta |! endotoxin |! which |! is |! lethal |! to |! european |! corn |! borers the |! toxins |! paralyze |! insect's |! digestive |! tract Biotransformation |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ enzymes |! produced |! by |! a |! microorganism, |! transform |! the |! structure |! of |! the |! toxic |! pollutant Biodegradation |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ The |! toxic |! pollutant |! is |! degraded |! into |! nontoxic |! metabolites GMA |! (genetically |! modified |! animals): The |! genomes |! of |! animals |! can |! be |! altered |! by |! ______ -AND-
what |! methods |! do |! researchers |! use |! to |! inactivate |! a |! normal |! mouse |! gene |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ CRISPR-Cas |! technology results |! in |! heterozygous |! mice, |! that |! than |! crossover, |! and |! 1/4 |! of |! offspring |! will |! be |! homozygous |! for |! inactivated |! gene |! (said |! to |! carry |! a |! gene |! knockout) a |! model |! mouse |! is |! engineered |! to |! _____ |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ have |! gene |! mutations |! analogous |! to |! human |! diseases to |! create |! a |! model |! of |! sickle-cell anemia |! ,a |! strain |! had: |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ • |! Normal |! human |! α- globin |! gene |! knockin
- |! Mutant |! human |! β-globin |! gene |! knockin
- |! Mouse |! α-globin |! knockout
- |! Mouse |! β-globin |! knockout _______ |! is |! a |! hormone |! composed |! of |! two |! polypeptide |! chains, |! called |! the |! A |! and |! B |! chains |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ Insulin insulin |! regulates |! glucose |! into |! _______ |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ fat |! and |! muscle |! cells
insulin |! is |! produced |! by |! _____ |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ β |! cells |! of |! the |! pancreas defective |! β |! cells |! = |! insulin |! dependent |! diabetes Sources |! of |! insulin |! include: |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ -Cows -Human |! cadavers but |! now |! made |! by |! recombinant |! bacteria What |! is |! the |! key |! reason |! why |! the |! A |! and |! B |! chains |! of |! insulin |! are |! made |! as |! fusion |! proteins |! with |! β-galactosidase? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ To |! prevent |! their |! degradation Which |! of |! the |! following |! was |! the |! first |! living |! organism |! to |! be |! patented? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ An |! oil-eating |! bacterium When |! a |! cloned |! gene |! is |! inserted |! into |! a |! noncritical |! site |! in |! the |! mouse |! genome |! by |! homologous |! recombination, |! the |! result |! is |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ gene |! addition.
Most |! Es |! cells |! are |! derived |! from |! unused |! embryos |! from |! in |! vitro |! fertilization Which |! of |! the |! following |! is |! a |! key |! feature |! of |! stem |! cells? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ -They |! have |! the |! ability |! to |! divide -They |! have |! the |! ability |! to |! differentiate. EX:
- |! totipotent |! cells: |! like |! fertilized |! eggs, |! can |! give |! rise |! to |! all |! cell |! types
- |! pluripotent |! cells: |! can |! differentiate |! into |! almost |! every |! cell, |! but |! can't |! give |! rise |! to |! an |! entire, |! intact |! individual
- |! multipotent |! cells: |! can |! differentiate |! into |! several |! cell |! types
- |! unipotent |! cells: |! can |! only |! differentiate |! into |! one |! cell |! type changed |! adult |! mouse |! into |! baby |! mice |! by |! _____ |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ injection |! of |! four |! different |! genes |! that |! encode |! transcription |! factors
- |! Called |! induced |! pluripotent |! stem |! cells |! (iPS |! cells) When |! A. |! tumefaciens |! is |! used |! to |! make |! a |! transgenic |! plant, |! a |! gene |! of |! interest |! is |! inserted |! into |! a |! _________, |! which |! is |! first |! transformed |! into |! __________. |! The |! __________ |! is |! then |! transferred |! to |! a |! plant. |! - |!
Correct |! answer |! ✔ T-DNA |! vector, |! A. |! tumefaciens, |! T |! DNA |! carrying |! the |! gene |! of |! interest gene |! therapy |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ The |! insertion |! of |! cloned |! genes |! into |! the |! cells |! of |! a |! person |! with |! a |! genetic |! disorder |! in |! an |! attempt |! to |! correct |! the |! disorder In |! addition |! to |! the |! use |! of |! T-DNA |! vectors, |! other |! methods |! to |! produce |! transgenic |! plants |! include |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ -biolistic |! gene |! transfer |! (A |! "DNA |! gun" |! is |! used |! to |! shoot |! DNA-coated |! microprojectiles |! into |! the |! cells) -microinjection |! (Microscopic-sized |! needles |! are |! used |! to |! inject |! DNA |! into |! the |! cells) -electroporation |! (An |! electric |! current |! is |! used |! to |! create |! transient |! pores |! in |! the |! plasma |! membrane |! through |! which |! DNA |! can |! enter) what |! goals |! are |! aimed |! for |! in |! gene |! therapy |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ - Alleviating |! inherited |! diseases -Treating |! diseases |! such |! as |! cancer |! and |! heart |! disease -Combating |! infectious |! diseases |! such |! as |! AIDS
Three |! approaches |! can |! be |! used |! to |! treat |! adenosine |! deaminase |! (ADA) |! deficiency |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ 1. |! A |! bone |! marrow |! transplant |! from |! a |! compatible |! donor
- |! Purified |! ADA |! coupled |! to |! polyethylene |! glycol |! (PEG)
- |! Gene |! therapy Infecting |! lymphocytes |! with |! a |! retrovirus |! containing |! the |! normal |! ADA |! gene |! will |! ______ |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ correct |! the |! inherited |! deficiency |! of |! the |! mutant |! ADA |! gene |! in |! patients |! with |! ADA |! deficiency What |! does |! the |! term |! local |! population |! mean? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ A |! local |! population |! is |! a |! group |! of |! individuals |! that |! are |! more |! likely |! to |! interbreed |! with |! each |! other |! than |! with |! members |! of |! a |! more |! distant |! population. Are |! polymorphisms |! common |! or |! rare |! in |! natural |! populations? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ Polymorphisms |! are |! very |! common |! in |! nearly |! all |! natural |! populations. Single-nucleotide |! polymorphisms |! (SNPs) |! are |! the |! most |! common |! type |! of |! variation |! among |! genes
In |! population |! genetics, |! polymorphism |! refers |! to |! _______ |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ inherited |! traits |! or |! genes |! that |! exhibit |! variation |! in |! a |! population The |! Hardy-Weinberg |! equation |! can |! be |! used |! to |! calculate |! ________ |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ genotype |! frequencies |! based |! on |! allele |! frequencies can |! be |! used |! to |! estimate |! the |! frequency |! of |! heterozygous |! carriers Deviation |! from |! Hardy-Weinberg |! equilibrium |! indicates |! that |! ________ |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ evolutionary |! change |! is |! occurring A |! gene |! pool |! is |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ all |! of |! the |! genes |! in |! a |! population |! of |! individuals. Microevolution |! refers |! to |! changes |! in |! _______ |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ a |! population's |! gene |! pool |! from |! generation |! to |! generation In |! natural |! populations, |! most |! genes |! are |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ polymorphic.
Explain |! how |! gene |! number |! and |! environmental |! variation |! affect |! the |! overlaps |! between |! phenotypes |! and |! different |! genotypes |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ Increases |! in |! gene |! number |! and |! more |! environmental |! variation |! tend |! to |! cause |! greater |! overlaps |! between |! different |! genotypes |! and |! the |! same |! phenotype. Which |! of |! the |! following |! is |! an |! example |! of |! a |! quantitative |! trait? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ -Height -Rate |! of |! glucose |! metabolism -Ability |! to |! learn |! a |! maze Saying |! that |! a |! quantitative |! trait |! follows |! a |! continuum |! means |! that |!
- |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ the |! phenotypes |! for |! the |! trait |! are |! continuous |! and |! do |! not |! fall |! into |! discrete |! categories. For |! many |! quantitative |! traits, |! genotypes |! and |! phenotypes |! tend |! to |! overlap |! because |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ -the |! trait |! is |! polygenic -environmental |! variation |! affects |! the |! trait. Biotechnology |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ -The |! manipulation |! of |! living |! organisms |! or |! their |! components |! to |! produce |! useful |! products.
-began |! about |! 12,000 |! years |! ago |! when |! humans |! began |! to |! domesticate |! animals |! and |! plants |! for |! the |! production |! of |! food such |! as |! GMO |! (transgenic) Transgenic |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ genetically |! modified |! organism |! whose |! source |! of |! new |! genetic |! material |! is |! a |! different |! species Xenotransplantation |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ transplantation |! of |! animal |! tissues |! and |! organs |! into |! humans reproductive |! cloning |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ technology |! that |! produces |! 2 |! or |! more |! genetically |! identical |! individuals telomeres |! appears |! to |! be |! a |! issue |! (like |! Dolly |! the |! sheep) what |! was |! the |! first |! pet |! cloned |! in |! 2002? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ Carbon |! Copy |! aka |! copy |! CAT Is |! Carbon |! Copy |! a |! transgenic |! animal? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ no, |! the |! cat |! didn't |! receive |! any |! genetic |! material |! from |! a |! different |! species
Fraternal |! twins |! are |! also |! called |! ____ |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ dizygotic |! (DZ) |! twins
- |! They |! are |! formed |! from |! separate |! pairs |! of |! sperm |! and |! egg concordance |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ refers |! to |! the |! percentage |! of |! twin |! pairs |! in |! which |! both |! twins |! exhibit |! the |! disorder |! or |! trait Assuming |! complete |! penetrance, |! which |! type |! of |! inheritance |! pattern |! is |! consistent |! with |! the |! pedigree |! shown |! here? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ Autosomal |! recessive Four |! common |! features |! of |! autosomal |! recessive |! inheritance |! are: |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ 1. |! Frequently, |! an |! affected |! offspring |! will |! have |! two |! unaffected |! parents
- |! When |! two |! unaffected |! heterozygotes |! have |! children, |! the |! percentage |! of |! affected |! children |! is |! (on |! average) |! 25%
- |! Two |! affected |! individuals |! will |! have |! 100% |! affected |! children
- |! The |! trait |! occurs |! with |! the |! same |! frequency |! in |! both |! sexes
Disorders |! that |! involve |! defective |! enzymes |! typically |! have |! an |! ________ |! mode |! of |! inheritance |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ autosomal |! recessive
- |! The |! heterozygote |! carrier |! has |! 50% |! of |! the |! normal |! enzyme
- |! This |! is |! sufficient |! for |! a |! normal |! phenotype HD |! is |! the |! result |! of |! a |! mutation |! in |! a |! gene |! that |! encodes |! a |! protein |! termed |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ huntington |! HD |! is |! inherited |! in |! an |! autosomal |! dominant |! manner Five |! common |! features |! of |! autosomal |! dominant |! inheritance |! are |! as |! follows: |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ 1. |! An |! affected |! offspring |! usually |! has |! one |! or |! both |! affected |! parents
- |! Can |! be |! altered |! by |! reduced |! penetrance
- |! An |! affected |! individual |! with |! only |! one |! affected |! parent |! is |! expected |! to |! produce |! (on |! average) |! 50% |! affected |! offspring
- |! Two |! affected, |! heterozygous |! individuals |! will |! have |! (on |! average) |! 25% |! unaffected |! offspring
- |! The |! trait |! occurs |! with |! the |! same |! frequency |! in |! both |! sexes
- |! For |! most |! dominant |! disease-casing |! alleles, |! the |! homozygote |! is |! more |! severely |! affected |! with |! the |! disorder
