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This PDF document is a comprehensive study guide for students preparing for the BIOD 101 Module 3 Exam at Portage Learning. It covers key topics in cell biology, including cell structure and function, membrane transport, cellular respiration, and enzyme activity. The content provides detailed answers to critical questions, offering students insights into complex biological processes. The document delves into the intricacies of the citric acid cycle, explaining specific reactions such as the hydrolysis of fumarate to form malate and the production of succinate. It clarifies that the citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondria and describes why it is considered a cycle, highlighting its role in generating high-energy molecules like NADH and FADH2, which are essential for ATP production in the electron transport chain.
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Which of the following citric acid cycle reactions involve hydrolysis of fumarate to form malate ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Reaction seven At which complex of the electron transport chain is oxygen reduced to water ------ ---CORRECT ANSWER-----------------complex IV True or false; it's false, make the statement. True: does citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondria of the Cell ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------True Who is the four main parts of ATP synthase? ---------CORRECT ANSWER--------------- --stator, rotor, the internal rod, and the catalytic knob What are the three processes that make up cellular respiration? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain
What is oxidative phosphorylation? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Oxidative phosphorylation is the process of generating ATP via a two-step process that involves 1. the oxidation of high energy and products, NADH and FADH2 from the citric acid cycle and 2. phosphorylation and conversion of ADP into ATP Which reaction of the citric acid cycle result in the production of succinate --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Reaction five How do alcohol, fermentation and lactic acid fermentation differ? --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Lactic acid fermentation is used by human cells and is comparable to alcohol fermentation, only it is a shorter process without a substrate intermediate What is substrate level phosphorylation ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Substrate level phosphorylation is the metabolic process of ATP being formed from the direct transfer of a phosphate group from an organic substrate What creates the proton-motive force? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------As more and more protons, enter the inter-membrane space, the concentration of protons increases creating a proton-motive force Directions six of the citric acid cycle results in the formation of which intermediate ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Fumarate
Describe the products of each of the two main phases of glycolysis --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------The first phase is known as the energy investment phase because two ATP molecules are used (recall the intent is to be making ATP, not using it) to split one glucose molecule into two intermediary molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P). The second phase is known as the energy payoff phase, which results in the production of 2 NADH, 2 ATP, and 2 pyruvate molecules What is the purpose of the Citric Acid Cycle? What are the main components of the CAC? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------The Citric Acid Cycle (CAC), which can also be referred to as the Krebs Cycle, generates high energy molecules (NADH and FADH2) that will be later used to generate ATP in the Electron Transport Chain (ETC). The CAC involves a preparatory phase plus eight biochemical reactions Why is the CAC considered a cycle? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------The CAC is referred to as a cycle because it begins and ends with a molecule of oxaloacetate True or False: Reaction 5 of the CAC results in the formation of citrate. --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------False; Reaction 1 of the CAC results in the formation of citrate. Reaction 5 results in formation of succinate What occurs in Reaction 8 of the CAC? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Malate is oxidized, and another NAD+ is reduced to NADH. The oxidation of
malate results in the regeneration of oxaloacetate, thus bringing the cycle back to its beginning The first step of the CAC is a ____________ phase sometimes simply called ______ oxidation. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------preparation; pyruvate True or False: The electron transport chain is an anabolic pathway. --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------False; the electron transport chain is catabolic pathway How does the electron transport chain generate ATP? ---------CORRECT ANSWER--- --------------Notably, the ETC does not directly produce any ATP. However, establishing a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane will lead to the production of ATP via ATP synthase Explain the process of oxidative phosphorylation. ---------CORRECT ANSWER--------- --------Oxidative phosphorylation is the process of generating ATP via a two-step process that involves (1) the oxidation of the high-energy end products NADH and FADH2 from the CAC and (2) the phosphorylation and conversion of ADP into ATP What role do electron carriers play in the electron transport chain and what are the 3 electron carriers of the chain? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Electron carriers experience changes in electronegativity as they accept (reduced)
What is another name for the citric acid cycle? ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------ -----Krebs cycle __________ refers ti the sum of all the energy-releasing degradation biochemical reactions, while _________ refers to the sum of all the synthetic energy-requiring biochemical reactions ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------catabolism, anabolism Citrate is produced during what reaction of the citric acid cycle ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Reaction one Glucose 6-phosphate ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------high energy intermediate formed by hexokinase Fructose 1,6-Biphosphate ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Produced by phosphofructokinase Fructose 6-phosphate ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Converted form G6P by phophoglucoisomerase Glucose 3-phosphate ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------produced by aldolase
What is the electron transport chain composed of and where does it take place? -- -------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------The etc is comprised of a series of proteins, termed complex I through IV, embedded within the mitochondrial matrix. True or false: it's false, make the statement. True: anaerobic respiration is the primary metabolic process used in the human body. ---------CORRECT ANSWER----- ------------False, aerobic respiration is the primary metabolic process used in the human body Why is the citric acid cycle considered a cycle? ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------- ----The CAC is referred to as a cycle because it begins and ends with a molecule of oxaloacetate What are the three electron carriers found in each complex of the electron transport chain ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------ubiquinone (Q), cytochromes (Cyt), and oxygen (O2) True or false; it's false, make the statement. True: glycolysis can only occur in the presence of oxygen. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------False, glycolysis can occur in the presence or absence of oxygen