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BIOD 101 Module 4 Study Guide: DNA Structure and Cell Cycle, Exams of Nutrition

Bergen Community CollegeNutrition

This study guide provides a comprehensive overview of dna structure and the cell cycle, covering key concepts such as nitrogenous bases, nucleotide structure, dna replication, and the phases of the cell cycle. It includes multiple-choice questions with reviewed answers, making it a valuable resource for students studying biology.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 02/01/2025

Nursebrahim01
Nursebrahim01 🇺🇸

485 documents

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Portage Learning BIOD 101 Module 4 Study Guide Test
Questions With Reviewed Answers Latest 2025/2026
GRADED A+ 100% COMPLETE
1. ThegrugsgofgthegtwistedgladdergofgthegdoubleghelixgingDNAgaregmadegof
what?:gNitrogenousgbases
2. Howgmanygnitrogenousgbasesgaregthere?:g4.
3. Namegthegnitrogenousgbases.:gAdenineg(A)g
Guanineg(G)
Thymineg(T)g
Cytosineg(C)
4. Whichgnitrogenousgbasesgaregpurines?:gAdeninegandgGuanine
5. Whichgnitrogenousgbasesgaregpyrimidines?:gThyminegandgCytosine
6. Eachgnitrogenousgbaseghasga ?:gUniquegStructure
7. Whatgisgtheguniquegstructuregofgpurines?:g2gcarbon-nitrogengrings
4gnitrogengatoms
8. Whatgisgtheguniquegstructuregofgpyrimidines?:g1gcarbon-
nitrogengringg2gnitrogengatoms
9. Howgaregthegnitrogenousgbasesglinked?:gLinkedgbygdeoxyribose
10. Whatgisgagbasegplusgagdeoxyribosegcalled?:gNucleoside
11. Whatgisgagbasegplusgdeoxyribosegplusgagphosphateggroupgcalled?:gNu-
gcleotide
12. Whatgisgthegcomplimentarygpairgforgpurine?:gPyrimidine
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Partial preview of the text

Download BIOD 101 Module 4 Study Guide: DNA Structure and Cell Cycle and more Exams Nutrition in PDF only on Docsity!

Portage Learning BIOD 101 Module 4 Study Guide Test

Questions With Reviewed Answers Latest 2025/

GRADED A+ 100% COMPLETE

  1. ThegrugsgofgthegtwistedgladdergofgthegdoubleghelixgingDNAgaregmadegof what?:g Nitrogenousgbases
  2. Howgmanygnitrogenousgbasesgaregthere?:g 4.
  3. Namegthegnitrogenousgbases.:g Adenineg(A)g Guanineg(G) Thymineg(T)g Cytosineg(C)
  4. Whichgnitrogenousgbasesgaregpurines?:g AdeninegandgGuanine
  5. Whichgnitrogenousgbasesgaregpyrimidines?:g ThyminegandgCytosine
  6. Eachgnitrogenousgbaseghasga ?:g UniquegStructure
  7. Whatgisgtheguniquegstructuregofgpurines?:g 2 gcarbon-nitrogengrings 4 gnitrogengatoms
  8. Whatgisgtheguniquegstructuregofgpyrimidines?:g 1 gcarbon- nitrogengringg 2 gnitrogengatoms
  9. Howgaregthegnitrogenousgbasesglinked?:g Linkedgbygdeoxyribose
  10. Whatgisgagbasegplusgagdeoxyribosegcalled?:g Nucleoside
  11. Whatgisgagbasegplusgdeoxyribosegplusgagphosphateggroupgcalled?:g Nu- g cleotide
  12. Whatgisgthegcomplimentarygpairgforgpurine?:g Pyrimidine
  1. Whatgisgthegcomplimentarygpairgforgthymine?:g Adenine
  2. Whatgisgthegcomplimentarygpairgforgguanine?:g Cytosine
  3. Whatgaregcomplimentarygpairsgheldgtogethergby?:g Weakghydrogengbonds
  4. Withingtheghelicalgstructure,gwhatgaregnitrogenousgbasesgsaidgtogbegin?:g- Complimentarygpairs
  5. Howgdoghydrogengbondsgoccur?:g Wheng 2 gnegativelygchargedgatomsgsharegag hy drogengatom.
  6. Howgmanyghydrogengbondsgaregformedgbondsgwhengadeninegpairsgwithg th ymine?:g 2 ghydrogengbonds
  7. Howgmanyghydrogengbondsgaregformedgwhengguaninegpairsgwithgcytosine?- :g 3 ghydrogengbonds
  8. Whatgaregnucleotidesglinkedgto?:g Agpolynucleotidegchain.
  9. Polynucleotidegchainsgaregorderedgingagwhat?:g Sequence
  10. Whatgdefinesgangentiregorganism?:g Polynucleotidegchainsgingaguniquegse- g quence
  11. EachgstrandgorgleggofgthegDNAgladderghasgwhat?:g Polarity
  12. Whatgdoesgpolaritygdo?:g Givegdirectionality
  13. Howgisgpolaritygdetermined?:g Thegdirectiongthegnucleotidegrungsgaregfacing.
  14. Theg5'g(fivegprime)gendgterminatesgwhat?:g Phosphateggroup
  1. WhatgaregthegtwogsmallergphasesgofgthegM-phase?:g Mitosis,gcytokinesis
  2. Whatgisgmitosisgingthegm-phasegclassifiedgas?:g Thegdivisiongofggeneticgmate-g rial
  3. Whatgisgcytokinesisgingthegm-phasegclassifiedgas?:g Thegdivisiongofgthegcyto- g plasm.
  4. WhatgdogG1,gG2,gandgS-phasesgrepresentgtogether?:g Interphase
  5. Interphasegincludesgeverythinggexcept :g Activegdivision
  6. Whatgaccountsgforg90%gofgthegtimegneededgtogcompletegthegcellgcycle?:g In- g terphase
  7. Whengagcellgisgnotgengagedginginterphasegorgthegmitoticgphase,gwhatgphaseg isgi tgin?:g G0gphase
  8. Whatgisgthegfirstgstagegofgthegcellgcycle?:g Gapg 1 gphase.
  9. WhatgcangthegGapg 1 gphasegalsogbegknowngas?:g Theggrowthgphase
  1. HowglonggdoesgthegGapg 1 gphasegtake?:g Dependsgongthegtypegofgcellgandghow frequentlygitgdivides.
  2. Whatgbiomacromoleculesgaregproducedgduringggapgphaseg 1 gandgwhatgareg th eygneededgfor?:g mRNAgandgproteins.gNeededgforgDNAgsynthesis
  3. WhatgdoesgagmessengergRNAgdo?:g TransfersggeneticginfogfromgDNAgtogribo- gsomes Specifiesgthegaminogacidgsequencesgtogbuildgproteins
  4. Whatgaregribosomes?:g wheregproteingsynthesisgoccurs
  5. WhatghappensgatgthegendgofgGg 1 gphase?:g Cellsgwillgeithergcontinuegintogthegnextg pha segorgexitgthegcyclegandgremaingnongdividing
  6. HowglonggwilllgagcellgspendgingDNAgsynthesis:g 10 - 12 ghours.
  7. IngwhichgphasegisgDNAgduplicatedgin?:g Sgphase
  8. HowglonggdoesgthegG2gphasegtake?:g 4 - 6 ghours
  9. WhatgoccursgingthegG2gphase?:g Cellularggrowthgandgthegsynthesizinggofgpro- g teinsgandgorganellesgnecessarygforgmitosis.
  10. WhatgoccursgtowardsgthegendgofgthegG2gphase?:g Cellsgbegingtogreorganizeg th eirgcontentsgsogthatgdivisiongingdaughtergcellsgcangoccur.
  11. Describegagcentrosome.:g Thegpartgofgthegcellgusedgtogorganizegmicrotubulesgforg cel lgdivision.
  12. Whatgaregcentrosomesgcomposedgof?:g Filaments,gmicrotubulegfibers,gpairgofg c entrioles
  13. Describegagcentriole:g Agshort,gcylindricalgproteingfilamentgmadegofgtubulin. Importantgingthegformationgofgmitoticgspindle.
  14. Whatgaregtheg 5 gsubphasesgofgmitosis?:g Prophase,g P
  1. Whatgaregsistergchromatidsgheldgtogethergalonggtheirgarmsgby?:g Agspecial proteingcalledgcohesins
  2. Describegcentrosomegmovement:g Microtubulesgwithingthegcentrosomegcom- g plexgbegingtogmovegtogoppositegpolegofgthegcellgviagmotorgproteins.
  3. Interpolargmolecules togmovegcentrosomes:g Lengthen
  4. Describegasters:g Radialglikegmicrotubulegproteinsgthatgextendgfromgeachgcentro- g some
  5. Describegmitoticgspindle:g Cytoskeletalgapparatusgmadegofgdifferentgmicro- g tubulesgthatgwillgseparategsistergchromatids.
  6. Whatgisgthegmitoticgspindlegapparatusgmadegofg?:g CentrosomesgS pindlegMicrotubules RadialgAsters
  7. Describegthegnucleolusgingrelationgtogthegmitoticgphase.:g Responsiblegforg sy nthesizinggribosomalgsubunitsgforgthegcellgtogassemblegribosomes.
  8. Whatghappensgtogthegnucleolusgduringgthegprophase?:g Nucleolusgbreaksg d owngandgribosomalgsubunitgsynthesisghalts. Thisgredirectsgenergygtogthegdivisiongprocess
  9. Whatgisgthegprometaphasegfollowedgby?:g Continuedgchromatingcondensationg C hangesgtogthegnucleargenvelope Reorganizationgandgchangesgtogthegmitoticgspindlegapparatus
  10. Thegchromosomesglocatedgingthegnucleusgdogwhat?:g Coilgandgshorten
  11. Whatgdoesgthegnucleusgmembranegbegingtogdogduringgthegprometaphase?- :g Fragmentgandgbreakdowngintogvesicleglikegstructures
  12. Whatgisgassembledgatgeachcentromere?:g Kinetochore
  1. Describegkinetochore:g Structuredgregiongusedgforgmicrotubulegattachment
  2. Ifgtheregaregtwogsistergchromatidsgcontaininggtheirgowngcentromereghowg m anygkinetochoregregionsgaregthere?:g 2
  3. Kinetochoregregionsgaregin :g Oppositegdirections
  4. Asgagresultgofgkinetochoregregionsgbeinggatgoppositegendsgofgthegcell,gwhatg ca ngsistergchromatidsgdo?:g Viagmicrotubulegattachment,gsistergchromatidsgcangbeg sepa ratedgandgpulledgtogthegoppositegendsgofgthegcell.
  5. Whengcangsistergchromatidsgbegpulledgtogoppositegendsgofgthegcell?:g Duringg th eglatergstagesgofgmitosis
  6. Metaphasegisgfollowedgbygwhat?:g Polarizationgofgcentrosomesg Chromosomegalignmentgalonggthegequatorialglinegofgthegcellg Kinetocho regattachment
  7. Whatgisgresponsiblegforgcreatinggagsymmetricalgplanegacrossgthegcell?:g- metaphasegplate

10

  1. Agcontractilegringgof isglocatedgongthegcell'sgcytoplasmicgsur- g face:g Actingmicrofilaments
  2. Whatgdoesgthegringgofgmicrofilamentsgdogduringgtelophase?:g Itgactsgasgag draw stringgthatggetsgtightergaroundgthegcell'sgcleavagegfurrowguntilgthegparentgcellgisg complet elygcutginghalf,gformingg 2 gcells.
  3. Whatgisgthegendgresultgofgtelophase?:g 2 gdaughtergcells
  4. Whatgaregisginsidegthegdaughtergcellsgatgthegendgofgtelophase?:g Chromo- gsomesg(exactgcopiesgofgtheirgparent's) NucleusgOrganelle sgCytosol Microtubulegcomplexes
  5. Whatgaregthegseveralgmoleculargsurveillancegmechanismsgthatgcanghaltgtheg c yclegorgpermitgitgtogproceedgknowngas?:g Cellgcyclegcontrolgsystem

11

  1. Thegcellgcyclegisgessentialgforgwhat?:g Normalgcellularggrowthgandgdevelop- ment
  2. Describegcheckpointsgingrelationgtogthegcellgcyclegcontrolgsystem.:g Placesg al onggthegcellgcyclegwheregprocessgareghalted,gandgmechanismgaregdeployedgtogmakeg suregt hegcellgisgreadygforgthegnextgphase
  3. Wheregaregthegcellgcyclegcheckpointsglocated?:g G1g- gSgPhasegtransitiong G2g-gMgPhasegtransition Metaphaseg-gAnaphasegduringgthegMgphase
  4. Whatgregulatesgthegcellgcyclegcontrolgsystem?:g Cyclin,gcyclin- dependentg kinases,gandgcellulargsignals
  5. Describegproteingkinases:g Specialgenzymesgthatgphosphorylategothergproteinsg to gactivategorginactivategthem
  6. Whatgdoesgphosphorylategmean?:g Togchemicallygaddgagphosphateggroup
  7. Whatgisgagcyclin?:g Proteingthatgfluctuatesgingconcentrationgatgdifferentgphasesg ofgt hegcell.
  8. Howgaregcyclinsgnamed?:g Namedgaftergthegphasegtheygaregassociatedgwith.g (G 1 gcyclins,gG1/S-Phasegcyclins,gSgphasegcyclinsgetc.)
  9. Kinasesgdependgon togbecomegactive:g thegpresencegofgcyclins
  10. Whatgaregdependentgkinasesg(Cdks):g Kinasesgthatgdependgongcyclinsgtogb ecomegactive
  11. WhatgisgMPFgandgwhatgdoesgitgdo?:g Maturationgpromotinggfactorgandgisg ne cessarygtogtransitiongeggsgfrozengingG2gtogMgphase.
  12. M-cyclingis throughoutgthegcellgcyclegandgitsgconcentration g asgthegcyclegprogresses:g Low,gincreases
  13. HowgisgMPFgproduced?:g Asgm-cyclingincreases,gitgwillgbindgtogCdksgtogformgit

13

  1. DescribegthegG1gcheckpoint:g Majorgcheckpointgofgthegcycle.gOncegthegcell goesgthroughgthisgcheckpoint,gitgwillgcommitgtogdivision.
  2. WhatghappensgtogagcellgifgitgisgnotggivengpermissiongtogentergthegG1gcheckpo int?:g Willgexitgthegcellgcyclegandggogintogagnon-dividinggstategknowngasgG
  3. Defineggrowthgfactorgandgdescribegitsgfunction.:g Agproteingmessengergre- g leasedgfromgneighboringgcellsgthegstimulategclosegcellsgtogdivide
  4. WhatgaregsomegfavorablegconditionsgforgagcellgtogentergS-phasegreplica- g tion?:g Large,glotsgofgenergy,gandgreceivesgtheggrowthgsignal
  5. Whatgisgthegfunctiongofgdensitygdependentginhibition?:g Proteinsgaregusedgtogsig nalgtogadjoinedgcellsgtogstopgproliferationgifgtheygsensegtheygaregbecominggcrowded. Thesegcanghaltgcellgdivisiongevengwithgthegpresencegofggrowthgfactors
  6. WhatgisgthegpurposegofgthegG2gcheckpoint?:g Focusesgongthegqualitygandg co mpletiongofgDNAgreplicationgbeforegmitoticgdivisiongoccurs
  7. WhatgcangoccurgifgangerrorgisgfoundgduringgthegG2gcheckpoint?:g Thegcycleg will gstopgandgrepairgthegcell. Ifgtoogseveregthegcellgwillgundergogapoptosis.
  8. Definegapoptosis.:g Controlledgcellgdeath
  9. Definegproliferate.:g togreproduce,gincrease,gorgspreadgrapidly
  10. Describeganchoragegdependence:g Thegtraitgofgneedinggtogbeganchoredgtogag su rfacegtogproliferate.
  11. Howgareganchoragegdependencegcontrolled?:g Externalgproteingsignalsgthatg c ommunicategwithgcellgcyclegpathwaysgtogprogressgorgstopgcellgcycle.
  12. WhatgisgthegMgcheckpointgalsogreferredgtogas?:g Spindlegcheckpoint
  13. WheregdoesgthegMgcheckpointgoccur?:g Anaphase

14

  1. WhatgisgthegmaingpurposegofgthegMgcheckpoint?:g Ensuregthatgthegspindlesg ar egcorrectlygattachedgtogthegkinetochoregregionsgofgthegsistergchromatids.
  2. WhatgisgMgcheckpointgangexamplegof?:g InternalgSignalinggregulation.
  3. ThegMgcheckpointgensuresgwhat?:g Thatgthegdaughtergcellsgwillghavegtheg co rrectgnumbergofgchromosomesgingeachgcell
  4. Cellsgthatgignoregexternalgsignalsgtogstopgproliferationghavegbeengimplicat- g edgingwhat?:g Cancergdevelopment
  5. Describegcancergcells.:g Normalgcellsgthatghavegundergonegagseriesgofgchangesg tog allowgthemgtoggrowgatgangacceleratedgrate.
  6. Howgmanygcellsgevadinggthegcellgcyclegorgavoidinggdestructiongfromgtheg im munegsystemgdoesgitgtakegforgcancergtogdevelop?:g 1
  7. Definegagtumor.:g Agmassgofgabnormalgcellsgwithingnormalgbodygtissues.

16

  1. Whichgtypegofgsexgchromosomegdoesgspermgcellsgcarry?:g XgorgY
  2. IsgXXgmalegorgfemale?:g Female
  3. IsgXYgmalegorgfemale?:g Male
  4. Autosomalgchromosomesgaregarrangedgingwhat?:g Pairs
  5. Dogautosomalgchromosomesgvaryginglengthgandgthegtypegofggeneticginfor- g mationgtheyghold?:g Yes
  6. Definegagkaryotype:g Picturegorgdisplaygofgaghomologousgchromosome
  7. Whatgareghomologousgchromosomesgalsogknowngas?:g Homologs
  8. Describeghomologousgtraits:g Containgsameggenesgofginheritedgcharacteris- g tics,garegthegsamegsize,gcentromeresgaregingthegsamegplace,gandgtheirgappearanceg will gbegthegsamegaftergchemicalgstaining.
  9. Meiosisgisgdividedgintogwhat?:g Meiosisg 1 gandgMeiosisg 2
  10. Describegmeiosisg1:g Thegseparationgofghomologousgchromosomes
  11. Describegmeiosisg2:g Thegseparationgofgsistergchromatids

17

  1. Doesgmeiosisghaveganginterphase?:g Yes
  2. Whatgaregthegphasesgofgmeiosisg1?:g prophaseg1,gmetaphaseg1,ganaphaseg1,g tel ophaseg 1 gandgcytokinesis
  3. Whatgisgprophaseg 1 gofgmeiosisgfollowedgby?:g Centrosomegmovementg C hromosomegcondensationgandgcoiling Spindlegformation Dissolutiongofgthegnucleargenvelopegintogvesicle-likegstructures
  4. Whygisglininggupggenegbyggenegalonggaghomogenousgpairgimportant?:g Theg pr ocessgofgcrossinggovergneedsgtogoccur
  5. Whatgdoesgcrossinggovergdo?:g Increasesggeneticgvariety
  6. Whatgaregthegcohesiongproteinsgpairedgwithgsistergchromatidsgcalled?:g Co- g hesin
  7. Whatgisgthegsynaptonemalgcomplex?:g Agproteingcomplexgthatgbringsgnon-sis- g tergchromatidsgintogclosegassociationgwithgoneganother.
  8. Nongsistergchromatidsgingclosegassociationgwithgoneganothergisgcalledg w hat?:g Synapsis
  9. Whatgaregthegcrossing-overgpointsgcalled?:g Chiasmata
  10. Whygisgcrossinggovergimportant?:g Resultsgingrecombinantgchromosomes
  11. Whatgaregrecombinantgchromosomes?:g Distinctgchromosomesgthatgwillgcarryg g eneticginfogfromgbothgparentsgbutgwillgnotgbegidenticalgtogthegparents.
  12. Whatgisgagcrossgover?:g Whengnon- sistergchromatidsgaregbrokengandgjoinedg backgtogethergtogexchangeggeneticginfo.
  13. Whatgisgnecessarygforgseparationgingmeiosis?:g Onegspindlegmicrotubulegoneg o negsistergkinetochore
  14. Whatgisgthegdifferencegbetweengmitoticgmetaphaseg 1 gandgmeiosisg metapha
  1. Differencegbetweengtheggoalsgofgmitosisgandgmeiosis.:g Ingmitosis,gtheggoal isgtogreplacegparentgcellsgwithgidenticalgdaughtergcellsgwhilegingmeiosisgtheggoalgisgforg daug htergcellsgtoghaveguniquegchromatids.
  2. Howgmanygdaughtergcellsgwillgtheregbegatgthegendgofgmeiosisg2?:g 4 ghaploidg da ughtergcells
  3. Whatgaregthegchromosomesgattachedgtogduringgmetaphaseg2?:g Spindleg m icrotubulesgingthegkinetochoregregiongofgthegchromosomes
  4. Anaphaseg 2 gisgmarkedgbygwhat?:g Degradationgofgproteinsgthatgholdgtogetherg sis tergchromatids
  5. Howgdogsistergchromatidsgmovegtogthegoppositegsidegofgthegcell?:g Withgtheirg spi ndlegmicrotububles
  6. Thegfirstgroundgofgmeitoicgdivisongallowsgforgwhat?:g Independentgassort- g ment
  7. Describegindependentgassortment:g Whengmaternalgandgpaternalghomolo- g gousgchromosomesgaregputgintogdaughtergcellsgatgrandom.
  8. Howgmanygpossiblegoutcomesgaregtheregforghumansgingindependentgas- g sortment?:g 2 gtogtheg23rdgorg8.4gmillion
  9. Whatgisgtrisomyg 21 galsogknowngas?:g Downgsyndrome
  10. Whatgisgthegmostgcommongchromosomalgabnormalityginghumans?:g trisomyg 2 1 gorgDowngsyndrome
  11. Failuregofgsistergchromatidsgtogseparategisgcalledgwhat?:g Nondisjunction
  12. Howgdoesgdowngsyndromegoccur?:g 3 gcopiesgofgchromosomeg 21 ginsteadgofg 2
  13. Whatgisgtruegbreedinggplants?:g Plantsgthatgwillgcontinuegtoghavegthegsameg ch aracteristicsgasgthegparentgovergseveralggenerations
  14. Whatgisghybridization?:g Whengtwogtruegbreedinggplantsgaregcrossed.
  1. Whatgaregthegtwogimportantgprinciplesgofginheritance?:g LawgofgSegregationg L awgofgIndependentgAssortment
  2. Whatgisgthegp1ggeneration?:g Parentggeneration
  3. WhatgisgthegF1ggeneration?:g Offspringgofgthegp1ggeneration
  4. WhatgisgthegF2ggeneration?:g offspringgofgthegF1ggeneration
  5. IngMendel'sgexperiments,gwhichgcolorsgofgpurplegandgwhitegweregdominantg an dgrecessive?:g Purplegwasgdominant Whitegwasgrecessive
  6. Whatgaregexamplesgofgallelesginghumans?:g Eyegcolorgorgbloodgtype
  7. Whatgaregtheg 4 gconceptsgofgMendel'sgmodel?:g 1.gTheregaregalternativegve rsionsgofggenes,gandgthosegversionsgcangbegseengingoffspring.
  8. Eachggenegthatgisginheritedgconsistsgofgtwogcopiesgofgangallele.gOnegfromgeachg par ent.