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Portage Learning Microbiology Exam
3 groups of Carbohydrates ✓Monosaccharide, Disaccharide, Polysaccharide Adenine and Thymine ✓Complimentary bases, form two hydrogen bonds All cells are compromised of ✓Macromolecules (building bloacks) Amino Acid ✓Way proteins are formed by varying combinations, 20 different kinds Animalia ✓multicellular eukaryotic organisms, heterotrophic, ability to move Bacillus ✓Rod (e coli) Bacteria ✓large cohort of prokaryotic microorganisms Bacteria and Archaea ✓Prokaryotic Bilayer (cell membrane) ✓Composed for amphipathic phospholipids (water loving heads and water hating tails), tails face inward Can DNA and RNA be found in the nucleus? ✓Yes Can DNA and RNA leave the nucleus? ✓Only RNA. DNA is highly compact in the nucleus
Carbohydrates ✓Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen atoms (CH2O)n (# of carbon and oxygen is always equal with the number of hydrogen levels doubled; C6H12O6) Cell ✓Smallest, most basic biological unit of life Cell membrane ✓Encloses the main body of the cell, permeable barrier surrounding the cytoplasmic space of a cell Cell membrane has a high level of ✓fluidity, lipids can move freely between the two layers, slower at lower temps and faster at high temps Cell membrane may also be referred to as ✓Plasma membrane or the cytoplasmic membrane Cell wall ✓Found in bacteria, plants, fungi, and algae and help form the shape of the cell, provide protection Chloroplasts ✓double membrane-enclosed organelles specific to algae and plants, animal cells to not contain chloroplasts, site of photosynthesis Coccus ✓Round/spherical (streptococcus) Combination of the cell membrane and the outer membrane are referred to as the ✓Cell envelope Cytoplasm ✓Open volume within a cell, comprised mostly of water with dissolved substances
Golgi complex ✓interconnected saves located between the nucleus and cytoplasmic membrane, distribution center of the cell Guanine and Cytosine ✓Complimentary bases, form three hydrogen bonds Heterotrophic ✓incapable of producing their own energy In animals, polysaccharides are called ✓Glycogen In plants, polysaccharides are called ✓Starch Life can characterized into three categories ✓Bateria, archaea, eukarya Lipid Bi-Layer ✓Two layers of lipids stacked on top of each other, with the hydrophobic tail regions pointing inward Lipids are composed of ✓Hydrophobic hydrocarbons Lipids form the ✓foundation of the plasma membrane; this surrounds the cell as a barrier that separates the inside of the cell from the outside surrounding environment Lysosomes ✓membrane-enclosed organelles that contain enzymes that can degrade unwanted cellular debris, waste disposal system Microbes ✓Include microorganisms and viruses, can be advantageous or harmful
Microorganism ✓Single cell (bacteria, archaeons, fungi, protozoa, algae) Mitochondira ✓Double membrane-enclosed organelles responsible for generating ATP, power house of cell Monosaccharide ✓One single sugar unit; glucose, fructose, and galactose are examples; linear or ring structures Nucleic Acid ✓chemical molecules that carry genetic information within the cell Nucleolus ✓site of ribosome synthesis Nucleus ✓command center of cell Organelles ✓membrane-encolosed structures that perform specific functions Plama membrane ✓restricts movement of materials either in or out of the cell, keep what is needed, prevent escape of essential nutrients Plantae ✓multicellular, can obtain energy from photosynthesis Polysaccharide ✓3 or more monosaccharides linked together; glucose molecules important for cellular energy storage Polysaccharides and Proteins ✓are often associated with the membrane and aid in controlling movement of materials in and out of the cell
Spirillum ✓Spiral/corkscrew Sterol lipids ✓In eukaryotic membrane composition Strands from DNA produce a ✓double helix (two strands held together by hydrogen bonding) Three parts of a nucleotide ✓Nitrogenous base, sugar called deoxyribose, and a phosphate group Two types of nucleic acids ✓DNA and RNA Vibrio ✓Curved rod Virus ✓Not living, not considered microorganisms, considered microbes Viruses ✓Not considered prokaryotic or eukaryotic, must replicate with host, no metabolism, not cellular, contain a capsid: membrane-like structure that contains genetic material What base protrudes outward from the deoxyribose sugar? ✓Nitrogenous base What forms the backbone of a DNA strand? ✓Sugar and phosphate
