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PortageLearning Pathophysiology Module 1 Questions, Exams of Nursing

Valdosta State University (VSU)Nursing

PortageLearning Pathophysiology Module 1 Questions

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 02/05/2025

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PortageLearning Pathophysiology
Module 1 Questions & Answers
Definition of Pathophysiology - ANSWERSthe study of how structural/functional
changes that occur in cells, tissues, and organs due to disease effect total body function
What are the 5 etiologic factors (w/ examples) - ANSWERS1. Physical (trauma, burns,
radiation)
2. Chemical (poisons, alcohol)
3. Biological (bacteria, viruses)
4. Genetic disposition
5. Nutritional imbalances (deficiencies, excesses)
Please Call Billy Goat Now
What are the 2 types of risk factors? - ANSWERS1. congenital conditions (present at
birth)
2. acquired defects (occurring after birth)
What is the difference between MORPHOLOGY and HISTOLOGY? -
ANSWERSMorphology is the structure of a cell or tissue.
Histology is the study of the cells and extracellular matrix at the tissue level
Signs vs. Symptoms (example of each) - ANSWERSSigns - objective manifestations
(dilated pupils, elevated heart rate)
Symptoms - subjective complaints (stomach pain, trouble breathing)
What are 3 processes needed when coming to a diagnosis? - ANSWERS1. patient
history
2. physical exam
3. diagnostic tests
PPD
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PortageLearning Pathophysiology

Module 1 Questions & Answers

Definition of Pathophysiology - ANSWERSthe study of how structural/functional changes that occur in cells, tissues, and organs due to disease effect total body function What are the 5 etiologic factors (w/ examples) - ANSWERS1. Physical (trauma, burns, radiation)

  1. Chemical (poisons, alcohol)
  2. Biological (bacteria, viruses)
  3. Genetic disposition
  4. Nutritional imbalances (deficiencies, excesses) Please Call Billy Goat Now What are the 2 types of risk factors? - ANSWERS1. congenital conditions (present at birth)
  5. acquired defects (occurring after birth) What is the difference between MORPHOLOGY and HISTOLOGY? - ANSWERSMorphology is the structure of a cell or tissue. Histology is the study of the cells and extracellular matrix at the tissue level Signs vs. Symptoms (example of each) - ANSWERSSigns - objective manifestations (dilated pupils, elevated heart rate) Symptoms - subjective complaints (stomach pain, trouble breathing) What are 3 processes needed when coming to a diagnosis? - ANSWERS1. patient history
  6. physical exam
  7. diagnostic tests PPD

Validity - ANSWERShow a tool measures what it is supposed to measure Reliability - ANSWERSthe likelihood of the same result occurring if the test is repeated Sensitivity - ANSWERSTrue pos - proportion of people with the disease who are positive for the disease Specificity - ANSWERSTrue neg - proportion of people without the disease who are negative for the disease What is the definition of Epidemiology and what does it track? - ANSWERSThe study of how disease occurrence effects the human population. It tracks social determinants of health (i.e. age, race, geographic location, dietary habits) Incidence - ANSWERS# of NEW cases in a population at risk at a specified time Prevalence - ANSWERS# of existing cases in a population at a given time Mortality - ANSWERSdeath rate; cause of death in a population Morbidity - ANSWERSThe effect of a disease on quality of life Primary Prevention - ANSWERSEliminating risk factors to prevent disease from occuring (vaccinating children, diet) Secondary Prevention - ANSWERSDetect and treat disease early, usually while treatable and asymptomatic (annual pap smears, colonoscopy screening) Tertiary Prevention - ANSWERSClinical intervention to reduce complications/deterioration after disease is diagnosed (medications after a heart attack, dialysis) Why is evidence-based practice important? - ANSWERSThe conscientious reliance on current best, scientific evidence when caring for patients as to avoid/counteract "the way things have always been done" What are the 3 primary structures/functional components of the cell? - ANSWERS1. nucleus

  1. plasma membrane
  2. cytoplasm NPC What is the function of the nucleus? - ANSWERScontrol center of the cell and houses DNA and RNA

Name the 4 types of cell signaling - ANSWERS1. Endocrine (far away)

  1. Paracrine (close)
  2. Autocrine (self)
  3. Synaptic (nervous system) Up Regulation - ANSWERSwhen there are not enough chemical messengers present, the number of active receptors increases Down regulation - ANSWERSwhen there are too many chemical messengers present, the number of active receptors decreases What are the 3 types of receptor proteins? - ANSWERS1. g-protein linked (on/off switch to convert external signals to internal signals)
  4. enzyme linked (binding activates intracellular enzyme activity; cell growth factors)
  5. ion-channel linked (synaptic signaling can open or close ion channels; neurotransmitters) What are the 3 processes of passive movement? - ANSWERS1. osmosis
  6. diffusion
  7. facilitated diffusion osmosis - ANSWERSthe movement of water from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration the pressure generated as the water moves through the membrane is called osmotic pressure Diffusion - ANSWERSThe movement of molecules from an area of high concentration on one side of the membrane to an area of low concentration on the other side of the membrane Facilitated Diffusion - ANSWERSThe use of a transport protein to help lipid insoluble or large molecules pass through the membrane Active Transport - ANSWERSCells use energy (ATP) to move ions against the electrical/chemical gradient (Na+/K+ pump) What is the most important active transport system and why? - ANSWERSSodium/Potassium ATPase pump. It is responsible for moving Na+ from inside the cell to the extracellular matrix and putting K+ back into the cell. Without this process, the cell would retain too much Na+, causing water to enter to cell and the cell to swell. Endocytosis - ANSWERSenclosing a molecule via the invagination of the cell membrane forming a vesicle

exocytosis - ANSWERSsecretes intracellular substances into the extracellular space. important in removing cellular debris and releasing hormones made in the cell What are the 2 processes of endocytosis? - ANSWERS1. pinocytosis "cell drinking" - cell engulfs small solid or fluid particles (proteins, electrolytes)

  1. phagocytosis "cell eating" - engulfs and kills microorganisms or other particulates electrochemical gradient - ANSWERSelectrochemical gradient - difference in number of particles, charged particles, or ions on either side of the membrane Why are ion channels necessary? - ANSWERSsmall ions like Na+ and K+ have an electrical charge and are unable to cross the cell membrane. ion channels allow this to happen through the process of facilitated diffusion 2 types of Active Transport - ANSWERS1. primary - ATP used directly to transport the substance
  2. secondary - energy is derived from primary active transport of one substance (Na+) for the cotransport of a secondary substance membrane potential - ANSWERSdifference in voltage between the inside and outside of the cell. these are needed in nerve and muscle cells to generate nerve impulses and muscle contractions. in other cells, this can cause hormone secretion 2 groups of secondary active transport available when a Na+ concentration gradient develops (storage of energy) - ANSWERS1. Symport (coTransport) - Na+ ions and solute are transported in the same direction (Na+ transport paired with absorption of glucose & amino acids)
  3. Antiport (counter-Transport) - Na+ and solute are transported in opposite directions where do Na+ and K+ concentration reside within the cell? - ANSWERShigher conc of K+ in the cell (35x greater). Na+ conc lower in the cell than the extracellular fluid What are the 4 types of tissues? - ANSWERS1. epithelial
  4. connective
  5. muscle
  6. nervous Define epithelial tissue - ANSWERScovers the surface of the body, lines the inner surfaces, and forms glandular tissue. Avascular Basement membrane

Advantage and disadvantage of metaplasia - ANSWERSoccurs in response to chronic irritation/inflammation allowing for a higher likelihood of survival in less than optimal environment. under persistent stress, it can progress to dysplasia metaplasia - ANSWERSthe replacement of one differentiated tissue by another. dysplasia - ANSWERSabnormal cellular growth. most often refers to proliferation of precancerous cells pros and cons of dysplasia - ANSWERSdysplasia is reversible with alleviation of inciting stress. with persistent stress it can progress to carcinoma (irreversible) What are the 5 ways cells can be damaged? - ANSWERS1. Physical (fractures, burns)

  1. Radiation (cancer treatment, sunburn)
  2. Chemical (drugs, lead toxicity)
  3. Biologic agents (parasites, bacteria, viruses)
  4. Nutritional Imbalances (excess or deficiency) Pears Really Can Be Nasty What are the mechanisms of cell injury? - ANSWERS1. Free radical formation - ROS (reactive oxygen species) exceeds body's ability to neutralize/eliminate leading to oxidative stress
  5. hypoxia - low O2 delivery to tissues. Decreased O2 impairs oxidative metabolism, resulting in decreased production of ATP
  6. disruption of intracellular calcium homeostasis - cells release vesicles leading to increase in calcium within the cell and disruption of cell function what is a free radical? - ANSWERSA molecule that is unstable and highly reactive because it contains unpaired electrons apoptosis - ANSWERSprogrammed cell death What are the 4 types of necrosis - ANSWERS1. coagulative - sudden cutoff of blood supply to an organ (ischemia)
  7. liquefactive - cells die but catalytic enzymes are not destroyed (brain infarcts or abscesses)
  8. caseous - granulomatous inflammation (tuberculosis)
  9. gangrene - dry (affected tissue becomes dehydrated-slow spread); wet (affected tissue is cold, swollen, pulseless-rapid spread) homeostasis - ANSWERSthe ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes on the inside (Dynamic State of Equilibrium) negative feedback - ANSWERSa mechanism of response in which a stimulus initiates reactions that reduce the stimulus (vasoconstriction, vasodilation)

positive feedback - ANSWERSa mechanism of response in which a stimulus initiates reactions to enhance/increase the stimulus what are the 3 types of intercellular junctions? - ANSWERS1. tight junctions

  1. adhering junctions
  2. gap junctions tight junctions - ANSWERSkeep fluid from entering the intercellular spaces by connecting neighboring cells; found in epithelial tissue adhering junctions/desmosomes - ANSWERSprevent cell separation by forming strong adhesion between cells gap junctions - ANSWERSform channels in the cytoplasm of each cell to join neighboring cell membranes