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Practice Exam 3 - Anatomy and Physiology |, Exams of Physiology

Southwestern Illinois CollegePhysiology

Material Type: Exam; Class: Anatomy & Physiology; Subject: Biology / Biological Sciences; University: Southwestern Illinois College; Term: Forever 1989;

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ExamIII–Chapter11
1) Whatarethefiveprimaryfunctionsofthenervoussystem?Explainthem.
2) Mostmultipolarneuronsare_________________neurons.
3) Mostbipolarneuronsare_______________neurons.
4) Mostunipolarneuronsare______________neurons.
5) Thenervoussystemmonitorsbothinternalandexternalconditions/stimuli.
True False
6) Amultipolarneuronhas:
A) Manydendritesandmanyaxons.
B) Onedendriteandmanyaxons.
C) Manydendritesandoneaxon.
D) Twodendritesandoneaxon.
7) Abipolarneuronhas:
A) Onedendriteandtwoaxons.
B) Manydendritesandoneaxon.
C) Twodendritesandtwoaxons.
D) Onedendriteandoneaxon.
8) Aunipolarneuronhas:
A) Oneaxonandmanydendrites.
B) Oneaxonandnodendrites.
C) Onedendriteandtwoaxons.
D) Nodendritesandthreeaxons.
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Exam III – Chapter 11

  1. What are the five primary functions of the nervous system? Explain them.
  2. Most multipolar neurons are _________________ neurons.
  3. Most bipolar neurons are _______________ neurons.
  4. Most unipolar neurons are ______________ neurons.
  5. The nervous system monitors both internal and external conditions/stimuli. True False
  6. A multipolar neuron has: A) Many dendrites and many axons. B) One dendrite and many axons. C) Many dendrites and one axon. D) Two dendrites and one axon.
  7. A bipolar neuron has: A) One dendrite and two axons. B) Many dendrites and one axon. C) Two dendrites and two axons. D) One dendrite and one axon.
  8. A unipolar neuron has: A) One axon and many dendrites. B) One axon and no dendrites. C) One dendrite and two axons. D) No dendrites and three axons.
  1. Which of the following best outlines the components of the nervous system? A) Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors. B) Brain, spinal cord, arteries, sensory receptors. C) Sensory receptors, heart, nerves, muscles. D) Brain, spinal cord, muscles, nerves.
  2. The two subdivisions of the nervous system are the ___________________________________ and the ___________________________________.
  3. ___________________ means communication ‘towards’ the CNS.
  4. ___________________ means communication ‘away’ from the CNS.
  5. The two subdivisions of the PNS are the _________________________________ and the ______________________________.
  6. The two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system are the __________________________ and the ______________________________.
  7. Give some examples of external stimuli.
  8. Give some examples of internal stimuli.
  9. The brain and spinal cord are both components of the ________________________, a primary subdivision of the nervous system.
  10. The ____________________ and the _________________ are both components of the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
  1. A _______________________ is an extensive network of axons, and sometimes neuron cell bodies, located outside of the CNS.
  2. Afferent transmission is responsible for ____________ input; it transmits action potentials from receptors to the CNS.
  3. Efferent transmission is responsible for __________ output; it transmits action potentials from the CNS to effectors (muscles, glands).
  4. The somatic nervous system is responsible for: A) Voluntary Movement B) Involuntary Movement C) Subconscious Movement D) No Movement.
  5. The ____________________ nervous system is responsible for subconscious or involuntary control.
  6. The somatic nervous system is a single neuron system. True False
  7. The autonomic nervous system is a two neuron system: the first is from the CNS to the ganglion and the second is from the ganglion to the effector. True False
  8. A ________________ is a junction of a nerve cell with another cell. This is where a neuron innervates its target.
  9. The _____________________________________ prepares the body for physical activity.
  10. The parasympathetic nervous system regulates resting or vegetative functions such as digesting food or emptying of the urinary bladder. True False
  1. Which of the following best outlines the logical order of the organization of the nervous system? A) Sensory NSReceptorCentral NSMotor NSEffector B) ReceptorSensory NSCentral NSMotor NSEffector C) Central NSReceptorSensory NSMotor NSEffector D) ReceptorSensory NSMotor NSCentral NSEffector
  2. _____________________, also called neuroglia help to support and protect neurons.
  3. Neurons, also called _______________________ receive stimuli and transmit action potentials.
  4. Sketch a simple neuron and label the three main components: the cell body, dendrite and axon.
  5. Axons are responsible for input. True False
  6. Dendrites are responsible for output. True False
  7. Every neuron has only one axon. The axon can branch, but the neuron still has only one axon. True False
  8. An ______________________ is also called an ‘association neuron.’ It exists within the CNS only, housed in the grey matter area. It is a relay between sensory and motor neurons.
  9. ____________________________ are small protuberances where axons synapse with dendrites.
  10. __________________________ is a chromatophilic substance contained in a neuron made of rough endoplasmic reticulum. It is the primary site of protein synthesis.
  1. In the spinal cord, the _________ matter makes up the outer portion and the _________ matter makes up the deeper/internal portion.
  2. Neurons produce electrical signals called __________________________________.
  3. Muscle cells and neurons are ______________ cells; they can respond to electrical potentials.
  4. The electrical signals produced by neurons transfer information from one part of the body to another.
  5. Explain why excitable cells are excitable. In other words, why is it possible for them to generate an action (electrical) potential?
  6. Sodium is in high concentration outside of the cell. True False
  7. Potassium is in high concentration outside of the cell. True False
  8. The inside of a resting excitable cell has a net ____________________ charge.
  9. The outside of a resting excitable cell has a net ________________ charge.
  10. A ____________________ is a chemical messenger secreted by a neuron. They often bind to ligand ‐ gated ion channels.
  1. Explain how the inside of a resting excitable cell can have a net negative charge if it is full of positively charged potassium ions.
  2. The resting membrane potential of an excitable cell is ___________mV.
  3. An increase in extracellular potassium, or an increase in intracellular sodium results in an increase in the membrane potential called _________________________.
  4. A decrease in extracellular potassium results in a decrease in the membrane potential called ____________________________.
  5. Depolarization almost exclusively causes neural communication. True False
  6. Explain how many local potentials can cause an action potential.
  7. Ligand ‐ gated sodium channels located on the dendrites of a neuron allow sodium in where it diffuses around in the neuron after entry. If one ligand ‐ gated sodium channel opens and the membrane potential is measured in a different physical location on the neuron, it will be the same as the resting membrane potential. True False
  8. Voltage ‐ gated sodium channels open at ____________mV.
  9. If the axon hillock becomes sufficiently depolarized, voltage ‐ gated sodium channels open. True False
  1. Explain how the resting membrane potential is maintained by the sodium ‐ potassium pump. What would happen if leak channels alone were responsible for maintaining the resting membrane potential?
  2. Most of the ATP used by a neuron is used to run the sodium ‐ potassium pump. True False
  3. For each ATP consumed by the sodium ‐ potassium pump, A) Three sodium ions move in, two potassium ions move out. B) Two sodium ions move in, two potassium ions move out. C) Three sodium ions move out, three potassium ions move in. D) Three sodium ions move out, two potassium ions move in.
  4. Local potentials result from what five different stimuli?
  5. The term ‘graded’, in reference to local potentials, means that the magnitude is the same regardless of the stimulus strength or frequency. True False
  6. An action potential can be described graphically as a depolarization phase followed by a ___________________________ phase.
  7. This is another term for the slight hyperpolarization that occurs after an action potential. A) hyperpotential B) afterpotential C) priopotential D) propiopotential
  1. The _________________________________________ states that, no matter how strong the stimulus, as long as it is greater than the threshold, an action potential will occur.
  2. What are the states of the voltage ‐ gated sodium channels and potassium channels when the excitable cell is at its resting membrane potential?
  3. Explain the mechanism (step ‐ by ‐ step) of depolarization resulting in an action potential.
  4. Explain the mechanism (step ‐ by ‐ step) of repolarization after an action potential.
  1. This type of stimulus is just strong enough to produce a maximum frequency of action potentials. A) Maximal Stimulus B) Threshold Stimulus C) Submaximal Stimulus D) Supramaximal Stimulus
  2. This type of stimulus includes all the stimuli between the threshold and the maximal stimulus strength. A) Submaximal Stimulus B) Maximal Stimulus C) Supramaximal Stimulus D) Subthreshold Stimulus
  3. This type of stimulus is any stimulus stronger than a maximal stimulus. These stimuli cannot produce a greater frequency of action potentials than a maximal stimulus. A) Subthreshold Stimulus B) Threshold Stimulus C) Supramaximal Stimulus D) Submaximal Stimulus
  4. Why can’t action potentials be transmitted ‘backwards’?
  5. The intensity of a stimulus is communicated by: A) the frequency of action potentials. B) the amount of depolarization of each action potential. C) the length of time it takes to reach resting membrane potential after an action potential. D) the broadness of the action potential peak.
  6. There is a maximum stimulus:frequency ratio in neural communication. True False
  1. Explain the propagation of action potentials in an unmyelinated axon.
  2. Compare and contrast action potential propagation in myelinated and unmyelinated axons.
  3. Explain saltatory conduction.
  4. _____________ in size, unmyelinated axons have the slowest speed of conduction.
  5. Large in size, __________________ axons have the fastest speed of conduction.
  6. Why do axons that are larger in size conduct more rapidly than smaller axons?
  7. What are the two types of synapses?
  8. What are possible targets of synapses?
  1. In what three ways can a neuron be ‘shut off?’
  2. ________________________________ is an enzyme that splits acetylcholine into acetic acid and choline.
  3. The enzyme MAO (monoamine oxidase) breaks down _______________________.
  4. What are the roles of voltage ‐ gated calcium channels in the presynaptic axon terminal?
  5. Neurotransmitters can be both excitatory and inhibitory. True False
  6. ____________________ are “helper” chemicals. They are chemicals produced by neurons that facilitate action potentials. Some of them act by increasing or decreasing the amount of neurotransmitter released by the presynaptic neuron.
  7. GABA is an example of an inhibitory neurotransmitter. GABA results in an: A) EPSP B) IPSP C) MPSP D) TFSS
  8. An ________________________ synapse is when the axon of one neuron synapses with the presynaptic terminal (axon) of another. These include many of the synapses in the central nervous system.
  9. A _________________________________ is the reduction in the amount of neurotransmitter released from presynaptical terminals.
  10. A ________________________________ is an increase in the amount of neurotransmitter releases from presynaptical terminals.
  1. ___________________ summation is a way of achieving action potential in a neuron which involves input from multiple cells. This results in many small impulses.
  2. ___________________ summation is an effect generated by a single neuron as a way of achieving action potential. This results in one large impulse.
  3. A ______________________ pathway is when many neurons converge and synapse with smaller numbers of neurons.
  4. A _________________________ pathway is when a small number of presynaptic neurons synapse with a larger number of postsynaptic neurons.
  5. An __________________ circuit is said to exist when the output can cause reciprocal activation. This is a lot like positive feedback in a way.
  6. What is the difference between a neurotransmitter and a hormone?
  7. What are some factors that influence the speed at which an action potential is propagated?