Docsity
Log inSign up
Docsity
Prepare for your exams
Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity

Earn points to download
Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan

Guidelines and tips
Guidelines and tips
Sell on Docsity
Sell on Docsity
Log inSign up

Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity

Find documents

Prepare for your exams with the study notes shared by other students like you on Docsity

Search Store documents

The best documents sold by students who completed their studies

Search through all study resources
Docsity AINEW

Summarize your documents, ask them questions, convert them into quizzes and concept maps

Explore questions

Clear up your doubts by reading the answers to questions asked by your fellow students

Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan

Share documents
download point icon20 Points

For each uploaded document

Answer questions
download point icon5 Points

For each given answer (max 1 per day)

All the ways to get free points
Get points immediately

Choose a premium plan with all the points you need

Study Opportunities

Choose your next study program

Get in touch with the best universities in the world. Search through thousands of universities and official partners

Community

Ask the community

Ask the community for help and clear up your study doubts

University Rankings

Discover the best universities in your country according to Docsity users

Free resources

Our save-the-student-ebooks!

Download our free guides on studying techniques, anxiety management strategies, and thesis advice from Docsity tutors

From our blog

Exams and Study
Go to the blog

Practice Exam 4 Questions for Anatomy and Physiology |, Exams of Physiology

Southwestern Illinois CollegePhysiology

Material Type: Exam; Class: Anatomy & Physiology; Subject: Biology / Biological Sciences; University: Southwestern Illinois College; Term: Forever 1989;

Typology: Exams

Pre 2010

Uploaded on 12/14/2009

cflanigan
cflanigan 🇺🇸

5

(4)

15 documents

1 / 24

Toggle sidebar

This page cannot be seen from the preview

Don't miss anything!

bg1
Page1of24
ExamIV–PracticeExam
1. Thespinalcordextendsfromthe___________________________tothe
_______________________________.
2. Thefoursegmentsofthespinalcordare:
A)Lumbar,Sacral,Thoracic,Cervical
B)Iliac,Lumbar,Cervical,Jurassic
C)Ischial,Lumbar,Thoracic,Cervical
D)Conus,Sacra,Thoracic,Cervical
3. Thespinalcordgivesrisetohowmanypairsofspinalnerves?
A)26
B)50
C)31
D)14
4. Thespinalcordisnotuniformindiameterthroughoutitslength.The__________________
enlargementsuppliestheupperlimbswhilethe__________________enlargementsupplies
thelowerlimbs.
5. Thetaperedinferiorendofthespinalcordiscalledthe_______________________________.
6. Theoriginsofthespinalnervesextendinginferiorlyfromthelumbosacralenlargementand
conusmedullarisarecalledthe______________________________.
7. The___________________________isthebasicfunctionalunitofthenervoussystemandis
thesimplestportioncapableofreceivingastimulusandproducingaresponse.
8. Anactionpotentialisproducedinthesensoryreceptorsandistransmittedtothesensory
neuronswhichistransmittedtotheinterneuronsandtothemotorneuronsandfinallytothe
effectororganwhichrespondstoareflex.Thisisanexampleofanautomaticresponse.
True False
9. Anautomaticresponsetoastimulusoccurswithoutconsciousthoughtandishomeostatic.
True False
10. Thestretchreflexofmusclesisanexampleofa___________synapticreflex.
pf3
pf4
pf5
pf8
pf9
pfa
pfd
pfe
pff
pf12
pf13
pf14
pf15
pf16
pf17
pf18

Partial preview of the text

Download Practice Exam 4 Questions for Anatomy and Physiology | and more Exams Physiology in PDF only on Docsity!

Exam IV – Practice Exam

  1. The spinal cord extends from the ___________________________ to the _______________________________.
  2. The four segments of the spinal cord are: A) Lumbar, Sacral, Thoracic, Cervical B) Iliac, Lumbar, Cervical, Jurassic C) Ischial, Lumbar, Thoracic, Cervical D) Conus, Sacra, Thoracic, Cervical
  3. The spinal cord gives rise to how many pairs of spinal nerves? A) 26 B) 50 C) 31 D) 14
  4. The spinal cord is not uniform in diameter throughout its length. The __________________ enlargement supplies the upper limbs while the __________________ enlargement supplies the lower limbs.
  5. The tapered inferior end of the spinal cord is called the _______________________________.
  6. The origins of the spinal nerves extending inferiorly from the lumbosacral enlargement and conus medullaris are called the ______________________________.
  7. The ___________________________ is the basic functional unit of the nervous system and is the simplest portion capable of receiving a stimulus and producing a response.
  8. An action potential is produced in the sensory receptors and is transmitted to the sensory neurons which is transmitted to the interneurons and to the motor neurons and finally to the effector organ which responds to a reflex. This is an example of an automatic response. True False
  9. An automatic response to a stimulus occurs without conscious thought and is homeostatic. True False
  10. The stretch reflex of muscles is an example of a ___________synaptic reflex.
  1. Briefly explain why muscle fatigue occurs as a result of lactic acid buildup.
  2. Briefly explain the interaction with spinal cord reflexes with regards to pain.
  3. Peripheral nerves are composed primarily of bundles of ______________.
  4. The type of connective tissue called __________________________ surrounds individual neurons.
  5. The type of connective tissue called __________________________ surrounds axon groups to form fascicles.
  6. The type of connective tissue called __________________________ surrounds the entire nerve.
  7. The first pair of spinal nerves exits the vertebral column between the skull and the atlas. True False
  8. A ________________________________ is a sophisticated diagram/map of the human body that shows specific skin areas supplied with sensory innervations by spinal nerves.
  9. The ________________ ramus innervates the deep muscles of the trunk responsible for movements of the vertebral column and the skin near the midline of the back.
  10. The ________________ ramus is known as the “communicating ramus.” It communicates with the sympathetic chain ganglia.
  11. The ventral ramus in the _________________ region of the spine form intercostals nerves that innervate the intercostals muscles and the skin over the thorax.
  1. Is it possible to survive with parts of the cerebrum missing? Why? What changes might be seen in the person?
  2. Bobby Boucher corrects his mother by saying, “And by the way, Mama. Alligators are ornery ‘cause of their ___________________________!”
  3. The most inferior part of the brainstem is called the _________________________________.
  4. The medulla oblongata has both ascending and descending nerve tracts. True False
  5. What are some functions of the medulla oblongata?
  6. ____________________ are the descending nerve tracts on the anterior surface of the medulla oblongata. The inferior fibers decussate. The result is that each half of the brain controls the opposite half of the body.
  7. ______________________ are rounded and protrude from the anterior surface of the medulla oblongata. The nuclei within help to regulate balance, coordination and modulation of sound from within the inner ear.
  8. The __________________ is superior to the medulla oblongata on the brain stem.
  9. The __________________ is located on the anterior portion of the pons and is the relay between the cerebrum and the cerebellum.
  10. What are two functions of the pons?
  1. The midbrain is also called the ____________________________. It is small and superior to the pons.
  2. The __________________ is a region of the brain containing the four nuclei that form mounds on the dorsal surface of the midbrain.
  3. The four nuclei in the midbrain are recognized individually. Each separate part is a ______________________.
  4. Collectively, the colliculi in the midbrain are called the ________________________________________.
  5. The ____________ nuclei of the tegmentum aid in unconscious regulation and coordination of motor activities.
  6. The __________________________________________ is pigmented with melanin and interconnected with basal nuclei of the cerebrum.
  7. Explain the relationship of the substantia nigra to Parkinson’s Disease. What is Parkinson’s Disease?
  8. The ________________________ are ascending tracts of the midbrain such as the spinal and medial lemniscus that go from the spinal cord to the brain.
  9. The descending tracts of the midbrain go from the ___________________________ from the cerebrum through the brainstem to the spinal cord.
  10. The ______________________________________ is a part of the brain that is involved in actions such as the sleep ‐ wake cycle and the filtering of incoming stimuli to discriminate irrelevant background stimuli.
  11. The ____________________ is attached to the brainstem posterior to the pons.
  12. The cerebellar peduncles are fiber tracts that communicate with other parts of the brain. It is ______________________ to the midbrain, _______________________ to the pons and
  1. The ____________________ connects the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary gland. It controls the endocrine system.
  2. What are some of the functions of the hypothalamus?
  3. The ______________________ is the largest portion of the brain and is composed of right and left hemispheres each of which has a: frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobe.
  4. The ___________________ separates the frontal and parietal lobes.
  5. In the cortex, _____________ are folds and ________________ are depressions.
  6. The longitudinal fissure separates the two hemispheres. True False
  7. The lateral fissure separates the _____________ lobe from the frontal and _______________ lobes.
  8. For each lobe of the brain, give the function/responsibility.
  9. Within the cerebral medulla, __________________ fibers are responsible for connections within the same hemisphere.
  10. __________________ fibers are responsible for connecting one hemisphere of the brain to the other.
  11. Projection fibers are tracts between the cerebrum and other parts of the brain and spinal cord. True False
  1. Basal nuclei are found in the cerebrum, diencephalon and the ___________________.
  2. Basal nuclei are responsible for sensory function control. True False
  3. The basal nuclei found in the cerebrum are called the _________________________________.
  4. The two components of the limbic system present in the cerebrum are the ________________________ and the __________________________.
  5. What is the function of the limbic system?
  6. What is CSF? What does it do? How is it similar to blood serum?
  7. The __________________________________ produce cerebrospinal fluid.
  8. Explain the blood ‐ cerebrospinal fluid barrier.
  1. These types of receptors are distributed over a large part of the body. The receptor generates an action potential called a generator potential that then travels to the brain. A) Secondary B) Tertiary C) Serial D) Primary
  2. There are two types of primary receptors called ________________________ and ______________________________. What kinds of information do they receive input on?
  3. What are the major special senses?
  4. Briefly explain the special sense process.
  5. What are the five types of sensory receptors? What kinds of information do they receive input on?
  1. Which of the five sensory receptors always sends information?
  2. In the somatic sensory cortex, what general area of the body is represented as the largest size? To what does this correlate?
  3. Hannibal Lector said, “You see, the brain, itself, feels no pain, Clarice, if that concerns you. For example, Paul won’t miss this little piece here, which is the – part of the prefrontal lobe, which they say is the seat of good manners.” In both cases, why is he correct?
  4. What are the three primary motor areas of the cerebral cortex? What are the functions of each?
  5. In the primary motor cortex, what general area of the body is represented as the largest size? To what does this correlate?
  1. Why aren’t sensory neurons subdivided into somatic and autonomic classifications?
  2. Compare and contrast the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
  3. The autonomic nervous system is divided into three divisions. What are they?
  4. Where can the enteric nervous system be found?
  5. Describe the routes of both the sympathetic axons (spinal nerves and sympathetic nerves).
  6. ______________________________________ are located near the innervated organ or embedded in the wall of the organ.
  7. _______________________________ is released by cholinergic neurons.
  1. _________________________________ is released by adrenergic neurons.
  2. _______________________ are primary substances produced by neurons of the autonomic nervous system.
  3. Some cells have receptors that bind with neurotransmitters which in turn cause a response in the cell. What two major types of receptors are present in the autonomic nervous system?
  4. To which neurotransmitters does each ANS receptor bind?
  5. What are the two types of cholinergic receptors? Compare and contrast them.
  6. When acetylcholine binds to a nicotinic receptor it is a ______________________ response.
  7. Occupation of a muscarinic receptor is typically an ________________________ response.
  8. Sympathetic ANS receptors have a ___________ in length preganglionic neuron and a __________________ in length postganglionic neuron.
  9. Parasympathetic ANS receptors have a ___________ in length preganglionic neuron and a __________________ in length postganglionic neuron.
  10. Which neurotransmitter is released by the sympathetic preganglionic neuron at the nicotinic receptors of the postganglionic neuron?
  11. Which neurotransmitter is released by the parasympathetic preganglionic neuron at the nicotinic receptors of the postganglionic neuron?
  1. The nervous system is essential for movement and basic life processes. The accepted idea is that our nervous system itself hasn’t evolved much. Why, then, does it seem so much more advanced than that of other animals?
  2. Blood vessel walls receive only sympathetic stimulation, so at rest, the sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the maintenance of blood pressure. True False
  3. At rest, what five processes does the parasympathetic nervous system play a more important role in?
  4. Give specific physiological responses to exercise. This is the “fight or flight” response.
  1. What are the four special senses?
  2. The average person can recognize 4000 different odors. How many primary odors are currently recognized? A) Five B) Three C) Eight D) Seven
  3. Dendrites of olfactory neurons have enlarged ends called ______________________________.
  4. The cilia, also called __________________________________, of olfactory neurons are embedded in mucus.
  5. Explain, in general, the mechanism of response to odor. The mechanism isn’t known exactly, so there’s no need for much detail.
  6. Olfactory epithelium is replaced as it wears down. Olfactory neurons are replaced by basal cells every two months. True False
  7. Outline the olfactory sensory pathway.
  1. In general, explain the mechanism of action of the sour taste.
  2. The three layers of the eye are the _________________, vascular and _____________________.
  3. Why is the outer layer of the retina pigmented?
  4. The sensory retina is the inner layer of rod and cone cells that are sensitive to light. True False
  5. The _____________________________ is the area in the eye through which blood vessels enter. This is where nerve processes from the sensory retina meet and exit from the eye. This is also the “blind spot.”
  6. The lens focuses light on the macula lutea and the fovea centralis. The fovea centralis has the highest density of cones and is, therefore, responsible for the human’s color vision. True False
  7. _____________________ is the bending of light.
  8. The ______________________ is the point where light rays converge and cross.
  9. Explain near ‐ sightedness and far ‐ sightedness both textually and with a diagram.
  1. If light were to strike a convex surface, what would the light rays do? A) Diverge B) Converge C) Extroverge D) Distroverge
  2. The three layers of neurons in the sensory retina are the __________________________, ________________________ and ______________________ layers.
  3. The cell bodies of the three layers of neurons in the sensory retina form nuclear layers separated by plexiform layers. This is where neurons of adjacent layers synapse with each other. True False
  4. Rods are ____polar photoreceptor cells responsible for black and white vision.
  5. What is the only location on the retina where rods are not found?
  6. Rods are more sensitive to light than cones. True False
  7. In the absence of light, opsin and retinal combine to form _____________________.
  8. The protein rhodopsin changes from its cis ‐ formation to the trans ‐ formation when struck by light. Eventually, it separates into its two components: ___________________ and _________________.
  9. Why are rods considered unusual as far as sensory cells go? What about their resting state is unique?