Download Praxis 5113 Music Content Knowledge Questions and Answers 2025 Graded A+ and more Exams Music and Technology: Algorithmic and Generative Music in PDF only on Docsity!
Praxis 5113 Music Content Knowledge Questions
and Answers 2025 Graded A+
Medieval musical period - ✔✔After fall of Rome 476 - 1300s Monophonic chant - ✔✔Medieval. Single unison melodic line. Somber religious chants called plainchant or plainsong. Gregorian chants too. When other voices added, they moved parallel to the main voice. Cantus firmus - ✔✔Main melody in a chant Motet - ✔✔Medieval. Evolved from monophonic chant. Adding additional parts against main cantus firm us. Popular by 1200s. Continued through Bach. Organum - ✔✔Medieval. Evolved from plainchant. Means adding a second vocal line to monophonic chant, usually 4th or 5th away from melody. Medieval Madrigal - ✔✔Medieval. Italian. Duet about a pastoral subject. (Other madrigals came later) Ars Nova - ✔✔Late medieval. "New art." Polyphonic with unique rhythms. Pioneered in France by Phillippe de Vitry. Led directly into Renaissance. Popularized chanson. Chanson - ✔✔Late medieval, early Renaissance. Style of polyphonic vocal music that incorporated poetry. Often about courtly love and courtly intrigue. Often accompanied by a string instrument. Ligature-based notation - ✔✔Medieval. Way to write music. Did not indicate rhythms.
Inventor of staff - ✔✔Guido d' Arezzo. Italian music theorist. Developed 4 line staff in 1000s. Evolved into 5 line staff toward end of medieval period. Troubadour - ✔✔Medieval. Traveling musicians accompanying singing with string instruments like lutes, dulcimers, vielles, psalteries, and hurdy-gurdies. Secular music. Most pop during 1100s. Trouveres - ✔✔Medieval. Poet musicians, usually nobility. Sang in Old French Dialect called langue d'oil. Medieval music instrumentation - ✔✔Mostly vocals. When instruments used, they were for woodwinds (flute, pan flute, recorder), strings (dulcimer, psaltery, zither), and brass (sackbut) Hammered dulcimer - ✔✔Medievalish. Trapezoidal instrument whose metal strings are struck with light hammers. Mountain dulcimer - ✔✔Medievalish. Plucked or strummed zither with frets over a distinctive curved hourglass-shaped resonator Zither - ✔✔Medievalish. Strummed instrument with many strings stretched across a thin, flat body. Psaltery - ✔✔Medievalish. Like a dulcimer but plucked with fingers or plectrum (pick). Leonin - ✔✔Medieval. French. Pioneered polyphonic composition in organum style. Lived and worked in Notre Dame Cathedral. Perotin - ✔✔Medieval. Perotinus Magnus. In Notre Dame School of Polyphony. Was associated with Ars Antiqua genre.
Renaissance musicians - ✔✔Music playing = leisure, valued pastime for educated people. Guests at social functions expected to contribute via instrumental performance. Renaissance madrigal - ✔✔Several solo voices set to a short poem. Originated Italy 1520. Most about love. Homophonic and polyphonic textures. Secular. More unusual harmonies and word painting. Many refrains said "fa la" to fill gaps in melody or cover naughty words. Sometimes referred to as Renaissance Fa La songs. Homophony - ✔✔Multiple voices harmonically moving together at the same time Polyphony - ✔✔Multiple voices with separate melodic lines and rhythms A cappella - ✔✔Without instrumental accompaniment. Renaissance is golden age of a cappella choral music. John Dowland - ✔✔English lutist and singer. Renaissance. Composed and performed for Queens and kings. Renaissance consort - ✔✔Group of Renaissance instrumentalists playing together. Whole consort = playing with instruments from same family. Zithers, dulcimers, lutes. Broken consort = instruments from more than one family. Like, lute and flute. Guillame Du Fay - ✔✔Renaissance composer in 1400s. Wrote motets and masses for church. Based songs on Gregorian chants. Also wrote small settings of French secular poetry. Josquin des Prez - ✔✔Renaissance composer in late 1400s. Explored thirds and sixths. Traveled a lot. Polyphony with canons, preexisting melodies, other comp structures. Set poetry to melodies that accentuated the words. Lots of Latin masses and motets in lots of styles. Arranged French popular songs too.
Ottaviano Petrucci - ✔✔Renaissance printer. 1501 published first collection of polyphonic music. Led to music printing in Europe and expanded access. Prior to his printing, music had to be learned by ear or copied by hand. Viola de gamba - ✔✔Renaissance. Fretted bowed instrument. Renaissance instruments - ✔✔Viol, lute, recorder, harpsichord, organ, cornets and horns, pipes, harp, lutey things, rabab and rebec Rabab - ✔✔Medieval and later. National instrument of Afghanistan, played often in India and Pakistan. Bowed or plucked. Hollow body and several strings (some for melody and some for drone). Proto-violin. Rebec - ✔✔Medieval bowed-string instrument, often with a pear-shaped body. Proto-violin. Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina - ✔✔Late Renaissance composer at St. Peter's in Rome. Iconic composer of Counter-Reformation sacred music. Clear lines, variety of textures. William Byrd - ✔✔English late Renaissance composer. Catholic. Composed Latin text stuff for Catholic church and English text stuff for Elizabeth 1st's chapel. Baroque time period - ✔✔ 1600 - 1750 Origin of baroque music - ✔✔Italy. Composers moved through Europe and it spread. Most influential is German baroque music. Notable Italian baroque composers - ✔✔Alessandro Scarlatti (and his son Domenico Scarlatti), Antonio Corelli, and Claudio Monteverdi. Antonio Vivaldi was the last and overlapped with classical dudes like Bach.
Baroque basso continuo - ✔✔Bass line played by low instrument like cello. Pianoforte improvises chords using figured bass notation. Organs often play both basso continuo and chords. Figured bass notation - ✔✔Baroque. Bass note is on staff. A chord is assumed (with intervals of thirds, probably). Numbers and accidentals show which intervals you play that aren't a 3rd and 5th, or which accidentals you add to your chord notes. Bach life - ✔✔Baroque. Born 31 March 1685. Last child of city musician. Orphaned at 10. Lived with brother til 15. Worked as church musician and for royal courts. Primarily known for his organ skills. Died 1750 at age of 65 due to eye surgery complications. Bach works - ✔✔Brandenburg concertos, Well Tempered Clavier, Air in G, Jesu Joy of Man's Desiring, lots of church music, hymns, concertos, canons, fugues Canon - ✔✔People play same part. One starts a few measures later. Fugue - ✔✔a contrapuntal composition in which a short melody or phrase (the subject) is introduced by one part and successively taken up by others and developed by interweaving the parts Toccata - ✔✔a musical composition usually for organ or harpsichord in a free style and characterized by full chords, rapid runs, and high harmonies George Frideric Handel life - ✔✔Baroque. Born 1685 in Brandenburg-Prussia. Died 1759. Composer in Germany and Italy before settling in London. Wrote lots of operas, oratorios, anthems, concerto grossi, organ concertos. Started 3 opera companies. Had breakdown in 1737 and transitioned to English choral works. George Frideric Handel works - ✔✔Messiah, Water Music, Music for the Royal Fireworks, Zadok the Priest. More than 40 operas.
concerto grosso - ✔✔Baroque. Music passed between full orchestra and small group of soloists (instead of a soloist doing fun stuff with a boring accompaniment) Antonio Vivaldi life - ✔✔Baroque. Born 1678. Virtuoso violinist and composer. Studied for priesthood at 15 and ordained at 25 but didn't have to give masses because of health problem. Moved to Vienna hoping for royal support from Emperor Charles VI but he died, then Vivaldi died less than 1 year later in 1741. Antonio Vivaldi works - ✔✔Lots of instrumental concertos for violin and other instruments. Operas. Sacred choral works. The Four Seasons. Many pieces written for all-female ensemble Ospedale della Pieta, a home for abandoned children. Classical time period - ✔✔ 1750 - 1820 (ISH, some say it started about 1720) Classical music instruments - ✔✔Piano overtook harpsichord. Traditional orch instruments like violin, viola, cello, bass, flute, clarinet, oboe, bassoon, French horn, trumpet, trombone, timpani. Classical period hub of music - ✔✔Vienna, Austria. Composers working out of Vienna sometimes referred to as working out of the Viennese school. Sonata form - ✔✔Classical. Exposition, development (things get funky), recapitulation (return to original themes). ABA Sonata rondo form - ✔✔Baroque. 7 sections. ABA C ABA Classical trait - simplicity - ✔✔Tonal harmony, single line melodies, large ensembles. Simple melodies buttressed with large ensembles. Less ornamentation on melodic line. In development sections, modulated tone, tempo, dynamics.
Joined groups, taught on and off, composed. Met Beethoven. Got syphilis. Asked to hear Beethoven's String Quartet No. 14 5 days before death. Died 1828. Franz Schubert works - ✔✔Unfinished symphony, Great symphony, Death and the Maiden string quartet, Fantasia in F minor for piano four hands, Fierrabras opera. Erlkonig. Mass in A flat major. Arpeggione. Song cycles. Operas. Songs for voice and piano most common. Symphonies. Masses. An oratorio and a requiem. Ludwig van Beethoven life - ✔✔Born 1770 in Bonn Germany. Talented young. Played violin and viola and keyboard. Dysfunctional home life cuz dad alcoholic. Lots of family issues with siblings over his life. Stayed with friends and taught their kids piano to escape bad home life. Studied composition with Haydn. Taught piano and composed stuff. Commissions. Court musician sometimes. Hosted concerts and often played them. Started to go deaf in 1798 and had tinnitus. Considered suicide. Had an immortal beloved that is unknown. Died 1827 at 56. Was ill. Music transitioned into Romantic period-ish stuff at the end of his life. Ludwig van Beethoven works - ✔✔Quartets. Symphonies. Moonlight Sonatas. Sonatas. Piano stuff. Ballet Creatures of Prometheus. Oratorio Christ on the Mount of Olives. Rasumovsky string quartet. Waldstein and Appassionata piano sonatas. 9th Symphony. Pastoral symphony. Symphonies started transition to romantic period. Pathetique piano sonata. Romantic period - ✔✔ 1820 - 1900 Romantic period characteristics - ✔✔Expression, emotion, virtuosic piano music, dramatic operas, passionate songs. Lots of inspiration from art and literature. Breaking classical structures and forms. Songs that tell stories or evoke images about nature or events (like Beethoven Pastoral symphony). Emphasize emotional or narrative content over form. Inclusion of folk music. Influenced by individualism of the Age of Enlightenment. Rebelled against the rigid confines and structure imposed by industrial revolution (represented in Classical forms). Tension in nationalism, European wars, Napoleon, etc. Noble patrons going away - composers could more freely compose and perform as virtuosos. Romantic period musical specifics - ✔✔More chromatic harmonies, semitones, unusual chord progressions. Adjusting of tempo to allow for expressiveness. Increased tempos and complex
rhythms. More diverse techniques (sul ponticello, sul tasto). Melodies expressing some external person, text, reference. Increase in sizes of ensembles to provide more tonal color, dynamics, richer harmonies. Express nationalism in works. Romantic period famous composers - ✔✔Berlioz, Dvorak, Sibelius, Brahms, Verdi, Liszt, Chopin, Wagner, Bruckner, Mahler, Strauss, Verdi, Puccini Romantic period instruments - ✔✔Piano expanded from 5 to 8 octaves. Woodwind instruments improved in quality. Valves for brass improved their sounds. Inclusion of non-traditional instruments (cannon in 1812 overture). Romantic period new musical forms - ✔✔Etude, prelude, impromptu (short piece sounding like it was improvised on the spot), German lied, Polish polonaise and mazurka, Viennese waltz. Program music (tells stories or paints a scene). Tone poems (evoke painting or poem). Etude - ✔✔Romantic. Short composition to showcase skill and/or train students Hector Berlioz - ✔✔Romantic. French composer and conductor. Symphonie fantastique, Harold in Italy, Requiem, L'Enfance du Christ, Romeo and Juliet symphony. Sort of successful as composer, so mostly conducted. Wrote musical journalism like Treatise on Instrumentation. Loved Shakespeare plays and wrote some pieces based on them. Antonin Dvorak - ✔✔Romantic. Russianish. Frequently used rhythms and folk music of Moravia and Bohemia to show nationalism. Inspired by Smetana. Violinist, pianist, organist, conductor, composer. New World Symphony, Slavonic Dances, cello concerto (highest regarded cello concerto). American string quartet. Humoresque. Songs my Mother Taught me. Jean Sibelius - ✔✔Late romantic, early modern. Finnish composer. Helped Finland's national identity. Composed 7 symphonies, very famous. Finlandia biggest one. Finnish 100 mark note had his face on it (before they went to the euro).
Gustav Mahler - ✔✔Romantic. Austro-Bohemian composer born to Jewish parents. Converted to Catholicism to secure a Vienna Court Opera post. Was a great opera conductor and insisted on highest standards. Leading conductor of his generation. Bridged Austro-German tradition and modern music. Much of his music banned during Nazi era. Late in life was director of NYC's Met Opera and NYPhilharmonic. Composed part time, mostly conducted. Most works for large orchestras, sypmphonic choruses, operatic soloists. Richard Strauss - ✔✔Romantic. German composer. Best known for tone poems and operas. Composed for over 70 years. Conductor in W Europe and Americas. Was semi celeb. Made interpretations of others' works too. Worked as music dude for Nazis but was apolitical and had Jewish family, and wrote an opera criticizing Nazis. Zarathustra, Don Quixote, An Alpine Symphony, Don Juan. Giacomo Puccini - ✔✔Romantic. Italian composer primarily known for operas. Descended from long line of composers. Developed work in verismo style of opera (portraying the world with greater realism - so talk about the poor and crappy things). La Boheme, Tosca, Madame Butterfly, Turandot. Chopin's funeral march played at his funeral. concerto - ✔✔a musical composition for a solo instrument or instruments accompanied by an orchestra, especially one conceived on a relatively large scale. leitmotif - ✔✔musical phrases associated with characters, places, ideas, or plot events tone poem - ✔✔Usually one movement that illustrates or evokes content of a poem, short story, novel, painting, landscape, or other non musical source libretto - ✔✔the text of an opera or other dramatic musical work Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky - ✔✔Romantic. Born 1840 Russia. Most famous Russian composer ever. Lots of emotion in his music. Wrote symphonies, ballets, operas, small ensemble stuff, piano
stuff, etc. Was gay. Got formal training starting at 17. Mostly taught and composed. Romeo and Juliet overture. Swan Lake. The Nutcracker. Symphony No 6 Pathetique. ouvre - ✔✔(ooh vruh) The body of work of an artist or musician Impressionism - ✔✔Musical movement after Romantic period. 1890 - 1920ish. Initiated by Debussy and Ravel in France. Emphasis on instrumental timbres, interplay of instrumental colors, parallel motion, ambiguous tonality, melodies without directed motion, ornamentation, avoidance of traditional forms. Debussy and Ravel. Impressionistic stuff showed up in end- Romantic and early modern. Claude Debussy - ✔✔Impressionist French composer. 1862-1918. Nearly 40 when he got internationally famous. Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun. Only opera Pelleas and Melisande. Music against Wagner and German tradition. Preferred symphonic sketches, nocturnes, melodies based on poetry, sonatas. Dreamlike music. Mixed reception of his work. Was in Les Apaches (the Hooligans) group in France - artistic outcasts. Enemies with Saint-Saens. Some turbulent relationships and friendships. Had colostomy problems. Died of cancer. Maurice Ravel - ✔✔Impressionist French composer, 1875-1937. Bolero. Pavane four une infante defunte. Rapsodie espagnole. Ballet Daphnis et Chloe. Arranged Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition. Did a lot of orchestral arrangements of piano music. Painstaking worker. Recorded his work to distribute it. Liked to experiment. Studied composition with Faure. Was in Les Apaches. Taught by and befriended by Saint-Saens. Modern music time period - ✔✔ 1890 - 1945. WWI, WWII, Spanish flu, Russian revolution, great depression, all lots of upheaval. Darwin challenged religion, Einstein and math, phones, cars, planes. Modernists challenged possibilities. Experiments with rhythms, timbres, tonality. Includes Impressionism, Primitism, Neoclassicism, Atonality. Scriabin, Bartok, Hindemith, late Strauss, Prokofiev, Stravinsky, Debussy, Satie, Berg, Mahler, Webern, Schoenberg, Primitivism - ✔✔Modern music. Inspired by Darwin and national pride. Humans are more natural and disengaged from modern stuff, so utilized more non-Western harmonies, weird rhythms and meters. Stravinksy rite of Spring, Bela Bartok Allegro barbaro (pentatonic and polytonal chords).
North American musics - ✔✔Jazz, country music, blues, rock, pop, hip/hop, Americana, native American music South American music - ✔✔Cumbia, bachata, bossa nova, merengue, rumba, salsa, tango. Latin pop, rock, jazz. Argentina lots of tango - influenced by flamenco, Spanish stuff, Italian stuff, Cuban stuff, African stuff. Syncopation. Reggaeton is like reggae with Spanish rapping and singing over it. African music - ✔✔Diverse. Uses large variety of instruments. Music of enslaved africans influenced Latinamerican music, US music. Very rhythmic, often polyrhythmic. Lots of percussion. Call and response (play once, another voice or instrument repeats it). Lots of improvisation. Australian music - ✔✔Indigenous music includes didgeridoo. Early colonized music had British influences, waltzes and stuff. Middle Eastern music - ✔✔Turkey, Persia, Israel, Iran, Iraq, etc. Arabic scare (phrygian dominant often). Complex rhythms, monophonic texture. Traditional ME music doesn't use chords or harmony. Uses oud commonly - pear shaped lute with 4 strings. Indian (from India) music - ✔✔Raga (melody improvised from a simple thingy). Dance music. The Music of China - ✔✔Qin (table strings), hammer dulcimer, traverse flute, lute. Sliding on strings (portamento), pentatonic scale. The Music of Japan - ✔✔Koto (long strings), lute, flute, percussion, vocal harmonies. Pentatonic scale, performance music (puppet shows, plays), dissonance Igor Stravinsky - ✔✔Modernist. 1882-1971. Russian composer and conductor. Got French citizenship. Studied under Rimsy Korsakov. Rite of Spring, the Firebird (ballets). Had 3 styles of
composing during life. Influenced by Russian nationalism, poetry, new popular music (tango, waltz, rag), previous forms. Aaron Copland - ✔✔ 1900 - 1990. Modernist and post-modernist. Born in New York. Composer, writer, teacher, pianist, conductor. Appalachian Spring, Rodeo, Fanfare for the Common Man, 3rd symphony. Very leftist. Liked folk music, evoking landscapes. Eventually wrote scores for movies. Philip Glass - ✔✔(1937-current). American composer. Minimalism (repetitive phrases and shifting layers.) Guitarron - ✔✔a large fretted plucked lute from Mexico, similar to a guitar but with a convex resonator Griot - ✔✔a member of a class of traveling poets, musicians, and storytellers who maintain a tradition of oral history in parts of West Africa. Japanese Noh - ✔✔Traditional Japanese theatre of music, dance, poetry Serene and peaceful mood Based on Eastern religions (Hinduism & Buddhism) Fixed Repertoire William Butler Years adapted Noh for Western Audiences in a series of short plays Women couldn't perform these Teaching: when should you use whole-song instead of phrase-by-phrase approach? - ✔✔When song includes repetition and is easy to learn all together Advantages of fixed do - ✔✔Reliable, easy to teach to young students
Orff-Schulwerk Method - ✔✔Music learned like language (like Suzuki), all students equal, comfortable supportive learning environment, learn by doing, just a philosophy (not a method) Phyllis Weikart said... - ✔✔Movement is the base for music learning Edwin Gordon's music theory - ✔✔"Audiation is the foundation of musicianship." Audiation = feeling or hearing sound in your mind when it isn't physically present. "Audiation is to music what thought is to language." Comprehensive musicianship - ✔✔1977. Suggests that source of all music study is "literature" of music. Integrates, theory, literature, and history, emphasizing lost of theory. Laban - ✔✔Creative movement is the key to music learning Portamento - ✔✔a smooth gliding from one note to another, like a glissando bend in jazz - ✔✔A U shape above a note. Play note, then bend pitch down and up again. doit in jazz - ✔✔Like an upward glissando in jazz plop in jazz - ✔✔Half slur down to a note. Rapid descent onto a target note from above. shake in jazz - ✔✔Like tremolo but for brass. Looks like a trill symbol. scoop in jazz - ✔✔Slur from about half step below into the target note. Like a half slur up to the note. fall in jazz - ✔✔Half slur going down from a note. Play a note and rapidly descend downward.
accent - ✔✔Emphasize the note tenuto - ✔✔Hold the note for its full value marcato - ✔✔marked, accented staccato - ✔✔short and detached German Polka - ✔✔Dance. Like a quick waltz. Increased in popularity in mid 1800s in Europe. reel - ✔✔Folk dance. Scottish origin. Part of fiddle traditions of Britain, Ireland, North America too. Reel is any dance danced to music in reel time (2/2 or 4/4, emphasis on first and 3rd beats, fast, usually have an A and B section with 4 or 2 bar phrases.) Mexican music - ✔✔Loud, hard driving rhythms, spirited melodies, humorous lyrics. Shouts and cries (gritos) periodically happen. Accordion. Corrido (narrative ballads). Banda (imitating military bands). Mariachi (guitar, trumpet, violins, influenced by polkas and waltzes, 2/4, 3/4, 4/4, 6/8). Peruvian music - ✔✔Andean, Spanish, African influences. Wind instruments shape melodies, then lots of rhythm and percussion instruments. Some string instruments too like charango (small guitar/lute looking thing) Vocal styles in Ivory Coast - ✔✔Imported reggae from Jamaica, hip hop, ndombolo (Congo dance music), zouk (French inspired fast tempo, percussion driven, large horn section music) Vocal styles of Tunisia - ✔✔Predominantly arabic speaking. Best known for malouf (Spanish art music).
