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Praxis ii 5039 Writing, Speaking, and
Listening Questions and Answers
Graded A+
Students can express their innermost thoughts, feelings, and responses through a variety of _________ ________, including journal writing, autobiographies, diaries, reflective essays, logs, blogs, personal narratives, and personal essays. ✔✔Personal writing
Middle- and secondary-level students must learn how to prepare resumes, cover letters, job applications, and business letters. ✔✔Workplace writing
In _____ ______ activities, middle- and secondary-level students write interviews, accounts,
profiles, or descriptions to capture the meaning of the subject being written about. ✔✔Subject
writing
_________ ________ provides students with the opportunity to play wth language, express emotions, articulate stories, or develop a drama for others to enjoy. ✔✔Creative writing
In this genre of writing, students learn rhetorical strategies to persuade others, such as writing editorials, arguments, commentaries, or advertisements. ✔✔Persuasive writing
Essays, research papers, and bibliographies are the most prevalent types of ________ ________
in middle- and secondary-level classrooms. ✔✔Scholarly writing
Dictionaries, encyclopedias, writers' reference handbooks, books of lists, almanacs, thesauruses, books of quotations, and so on. ✔✔Reference works
Each of the types of reference works is available online. In addition, writers can use search engines or portals (sites that list many resources and websites) to gather ideas and information.
✔✔Internet
Examples of student-created resources include a student's personal dictionary of words to know
or spell, note cards, graphic organizers, oral histories, and journals. ✔✔Student-created sources
Film, art, media, and so on. ✔✔Other sources
Stage 1 of the writing process; also called planning or rehearsal.
This stage involves checking for style and conventions - spelling, grammar, usage, and mechanics. At this point in the writing process, the student ensures that errors in conventions will
not be intrusive when others read the piece of writing. ✔✔Editing (writing process)
Stage 5 of the writing process
This is the "going public" stage. A student can share his or her writing with a larger audience in many ways. Teachers can encourage students to publish their writing in newsletters, online publications, performances, brochures, and magazines. ✔✔Publishing (writing process)
Stage 6 of the writing process
In this stage, the student looks back at his or her work and self-evaluates. The audiences also
_________s the effectiveness of the writing. ✔✔Evaluating (writing process)
___________ involves identifying a general topic of interest or one that is determined by the test or teacher, listing key words to use in the search for information, and then accessing reputable sources, either online or print. Next, the student creates source cards, note cards with a list of your references. This _____________ process helps the student focus on the topic. The student
then writes a statement of purpose, identifies questions and organizes questions with similar headings, and returns to more sources and makes additional source cards. ✔✔Prewriting
(research writing process)
________ begins with the students making an outline of the headings for each of the source cards. Some sources will be used; others may be deleted at this point. The student can change the statement of purpose from the prewriting stage to a draft thesis statement and begin to write the body of the research paper using source cards and notes. Students need to be sure to both paraphrase and include an in-text citation or use a direct quote with an in-text citation as they use source material. They should also be sure to write an introduction and conclusion. Research papers also include a title page and works cited or references section, which follows a specific format, typically Modern Language Association (MLA) in a middle school or high school English course. ✔✔Drafting (research writing process)
________ and the remaining stages of the research writing process are the same as the general writing process in the last section. _____________ should be particularly focused on the
organization of the paragraphs and the conciseness of sentences. ✔✔Revising (research writing
process)
___________ should include additional focus on ethical citation of sources and accuracy of
works cited. ✔✔Editing (research writing process)
Is the author identifiable? If yes, what is the author's background, and are the author's sources cited? If no, what agency or organization has created this online source? What is the
organization's history, political view, or purpose? ✔✔Authority
When was the source last updated or revised? This information is usually at the bottom of the
home page. ✔✔Currency
Does the source appear to be credible? Do most of the website links work? Do you think that this source will still be available in the future, based on your review of the authority and currency of
the source? ✔✔Reliability
Is the source completed or under construction? What key information is omitted? ✔✔Coverage
MLA: Salinger, J.D. The Catcher in the Rye. New York: Little, Brown, and Company, 1945. Print.
APA: Salinger, J.D. (1945). The Catcher in the Rye. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ✔✔MLA and APA Citations
The Common Core State Standards (CCSS) call for increased attention on teaching argument writing. The parts of an _________ include a claim, evidence to support the claim, the warrant that explains how the evidence supports the claim, support for the warrant, and qualifications or
counter arguments that refute competing claims. ✔✔Argument
____________ include spelling, grammar, punctuation, capitalization, and paragraphing.
✔✔Conventions
A _____________ is a compilation of a student writer's work for evaluation. Some ____________s are comprised solely of works self-selected by the student; others contain a combination of self-selected and required work. _____________s help teachers and the student assess a writer's growth over time. ✔✔Portfolio
The _______ ___ _________ include prewriting, drafting, revising, editing, and publishing. The stages are recursive, which means repeating or reoccurring. Of course, not all writing moves from the prewriting to the drafting stage; not all writing moves from the drafting to the publishing stage. ✔✔Stages of writing
Writers think about a topic, gather information, establish purposes for writing, consider the audience for the piece, make preliminary notes or lists, and prepare to write. Teaching techniques for _____________ include brainstorming, outlining, free writing, researching, interviewing,
composed and shared. Student writers can go public by posting the work on a bull item board, sharing the piece with classmates, sending the work to a student newspaper or publication, sending the work to another (such as a grandparent or the principal), displaying the work in the
school or local library, or entering the writing in a contest. ✔✔Publishing (5 stages)
Choosing the type of writing helps the writer narrow the topic, set the purposes for writing, determined the style of writing (formal or informal), and select the tone (argumentative, objective, supportive). Informative or explanatory, research reports, journals, response to text,
and poetry. ✔✔Types of writing
When an English teacher uses the writing workshop method, he or she structures the instructional time in the following way:
--mini-lesson, led by the teacher or a capable student, based on individual and group instructional needs
--status of the class, in which the teacher asks each student to provide a brief update on what he or she will be working on during the workshop
--time for writing, in which students work alone, with a partner, or with the teacher to advance through the stages of the writing process. The teacher often confers with students during this time. Students also might participate in a peer revising or editing conference
--submitting work for publication beyond the classroom in a literary magazine for young adults, in the local newspaper, in a professional publication for writers, in a contest, for an online
publication ✔✔Writing workshop
As the final step of the composition and rhetoric processes, students go public with their ideas. There are many ways for students to present their writing and ideas. Below, you'll find a few common ways to help your students make effective presentations in your English classroom:
--performing speeches, plays, videos, or Readers' Theater productions
--delivering a speech, participating in a debate, or giving a PowerPoint presentation
--creating booklets, brochures, family scrapbooks, or personal websites
--publishing a school newspaper, student magazine, or portfolio of work
--submitting work for publication beyond the classroom in a literary magazine for young adults, in the local newspaper, in a professional publication for writers, in a contest, or for an online publication ✔✔Presentation formats
-come to any discussion or speech prepared
-focus the speech on one topic
-follow rules for collegial discussions; set specific goals and deadlines
-provide regular feedback
-delineate a speaker's argument and specific claims ✔✔Listening skills
This staple of the English classroom requires two oppositional sides to prove that one viewpoint is better than the other. The CCSS emphasize argument, so this is an important format to teach your students. Listeners strive to find flaws in the logic of the argument and to find rebuttals for
the opposing side's argument. ✔✔Debate
Classroom _________ requires students to work collaboratively, to listen to multiple perspectives, and to build on the points of others to reach high levels of critical thinking and understanding. ✔✔Dialogue
____________ is a technique in which a small subset of the class sits in a circle in the center of the class and engages in dialogue. The rest of the class listens to and observes the __________; from time to time, the teacher pauses the discussion to seek the listeners' content and to process feedback on the ___________ discussion. The teacher then seeks new members to join the fishbowl and continue the dialogue. ✔✔Fishbowl
The teacher divides the class in half, and students form two circles facing one another - an inside circle and an outside circle. Students discuss with the person facing them, and after some time,
the teacher asks one circle to move left or right so that students can continue the discussion with a different partner. ✔✔Inside circle/outside circle
A ______ discussion requires students to listen to four or five classmates or guest speakers on a specific theme or topic. ________ists must be "experts" on the topic, which may require research
prior to the discussion. ✔✔Panel
________________s can be scripted, like a play, or impromptu, like a classroom reenactment of a scene from Shakespeare. In addition to play and reenactments, other structures to teach _____________ include Readers' Theater, Digital Storytelling, and Spoken Word. ✔✔Performance
_______________s require students to inform, demonstrate, explain, or persuade an audience. Typical formats include senior project presentations (individual presents to audience), Book Talk (individual presents short talk either face-to-face or digitally), and Newscast (team of presenters
share information either face-to-face or using video). ✔✔Presentation
This great discussion structure shifts the center of conversation from the teacher to the students. Students sit in a whole group circle and talk collaboratively on a topic. The teacher needs to spend time setting up the norms of the _________ ___________, such as asking probing questions, paraphrasing, listening and speaking courteously, no raising hands, and ensuring that
classrooms, teachers should provide students with a variety of opportunities to practice writing for different purposes and for specific audiences.here are a few prompts to get your students thinking about ________ and __________ in your writing classroom:
--Besides you (the English teacher), who is intended or imaginary audience of the place?
--What is the background knowledge of your audience? What kinds of information will you need to provide to com ✔✔Audience and Purpose
The writer shows order of time or the steps in a process. ✔✔Chronologically (organization of the
passage)
The writer explains the relationships between terms or concepts. ✔✔Classification (organization
of the passage)
The topic sentence is stated and then followed by the details. ✔✔Illustration (organization of the
passage)
The details are stated first, followed by the topic sentence. ✔✔Climax (organization of the
passage)
The writer describes a person, place, or thing and organizes the description in a logical manner.
✔✔Location (organization of the passage)
The writer demonstrates similarities and differences between two or more subjects. ✔✔Comparison (organization of the passage)
The writer shows the relationship between events and their results. ✔✔Cause and effect
(organization of the passage)
_______s, according to Foucault, a preeminent researcher on ______, are systems of thought that "systematically construct the subjects and words of which they speak." _______ can be classified into four general categories:
--exposition
--narration
--description
--argument ✔✔Discourse
--Thoughtful inclusion of ethos (an appeal to ethics), logos (an appeal to logic, facts), or pathos (an appeal to emotion).
--A conclusion that advances th ✔✔Argument Discourse
__ ___________ is a technique in an argument used to counter a position using feelings or prejudice, not facts, reason or logic. Technically, an _ ________ argument directly attacks
another person, not that person's position. ✔✔Ad hominem
_____________ are comparisons of two ideas that have the same relationship. ✔✔Analogies
_________ _ ________ is a type of persuasion in logic in which an expert or knowledgeable other is cited for the purpose of strengthening the argument. ✔✔Appeal to authority
_________ ___ ___________ is a type of argument in which the author appeals to the reader's emotion (fear, security, pity, flattery) to prove the argument. ✔✔Appeal to emotion
______________ links a product, idea, or service with something the members of the target
audience already likes or desires, such as fun, security, intimacy, or success. ✔✔Association
_________________ tries to appeal to people's desire to not be left out and sends the message that "everyone is doing it." One technique closely associated with ______________ is majority belief, such as "American people believe...," which of course cannot be known by the speaker. In a live audience situation or public events such as a rally or fundraiser, group dynamics build on the _____________ technique to persuade people to "go along with the crowd." ✔✔Bandwagon
___________ ___________, a common technique in advertisements, employs good-looking models (some of whom are celebrities) to get our attention and persuade us that if we use this
product we may even look as good as these _____________ _____________. ✔✔Beautiful
people
___ ___ ___ is a misrepresentation of facts or gross distortion used as a propaganda technique by
an official body or politician. ✔✔The big lie
_____ __ persuades the audience that this brand new, "shiny" reason, issue, or product is one that
we must agree upon or possess. ✔✔Brand new
___________ is a persuasive technique that offers you something extra, such as buying a makeup product and getting a free gift with purchase, which is truly not "free," as the cost of the gift is covered in the price. ✔✔Bribery
