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PRAXIS: Principles K-12 (5625) 83
Questions With Answers
What is indirect instruction? - โ โ problem- solving
Inquiry
Case studies
Concept mapping
Reading for meaning
Cloze procedures
What is an IEP? - โ โ describes special instruction or services that a student needs to assess the curriculum; they may include modifications to the curriculum itself
What is the Every Student Succeeds Act? (ESSA) - โ โ provides funds to the state to support educational achievement for all student in K-12 public education
Acknowledges that every student must have access to a well-rounded education
Defines a "well-rounded education" includes the Arts
Meaning that students with disabilities have the right to participate in arts learning
Acknowledges importance of adequately prepared teachers
What is a criterion referenced test? - โ โ a test that measures student performance against specific learning standards
What is developmental scoring? - โ โ shows where a students position is along a developmental continuum
What is connectivism? - โ โ New learning theory that suggests students should combine thoughts, theories, and general information in a useful manner- it accepts that technology is a major part of the learning process and that our constant connectedness gives us opportunities to make choices about our learning
What is sensory memory? - โ โ The perception of sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch information entering through the sensory cortices of the brain and relaying information through the thalamus
What is procedural memory? - โ โ A type of long-term memory involving how to perform different actions and skills
What is a norm-referenced test? - โ โ Standardized tests that are designed to compare and rank test takers in relation to one another
What is curriculum alignment? - โ โ A process aimed at ensuring coherence and consistency between the intended outcomes as specified in the formal curriculum and teaching methods, assessment tasks, and learning activities in the classroom
What is stan nine (standard nine)? - โ โ scales sores on a nine point scale
- Comprehension
- Application
- Analysis
- Synthesis
- evaluation
What is metacognition - โ โ thinking about thinking
What is transfer? - โ โ interactive instructional strategy
What is the first stage of cognitive development? - โ โ Sensorimotor stage: birth-
ยท Kid learns about the world by using their senses to interact with their surroundings
What is the second stage of cognitive development? - โ โ Preoperational stage: age 2-
ยท Children begin to engage in symbolic play and learn how to manipulate symbols
What is the third stage of cognitive development? - โ โ Concrete operational stage: 7-
ยท Logical operations such as conservation, reversibility, or classification, allowing logical reasoning
What is the fourth stage of cognitive development? - โ โ Formal operational stage: 12 and up
ยท The ability to formulate hypotheses and systematically test them to arrive at an answer to a problem
According to Erikson, what are the eight stages of social development?
- โ โ Stage one: trust vs mistrust
Stage two: autonomy vs shame and doubt
Stage three: initiative vs guilt
Stage four: industry vs inferiority
Stage five: identity vs confusion
Stage six: intimacy vs isolation
Stage seven: generativity vs stagnation
Stage eight: integrity vs despair
What are the three stages of moral development? - โ โ 1. Pre- conventional
- Conventional
- Post-conventional
How do learning theory and human development impact the instructional process? - โ โ Student support varies with students abilities, if they have health issues that affect their behavior and ability to learn you have to learn and adapt to support them
What is the relationship between learning theory and human development? - โ โ Some believe that learning leads to development and others contend that development leads to learning.
- Self confidence and esteem: low self esteem can lessens a students desire to learn, ability to focus, and willingness to take risks. High self esteem can provide the building blocks for success providing a firm foundation for learning
- Cognitive development: teaches them how the world works around them
- Maturity: plays a role in the persons ability to accept responsibility for their own thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
- Language: focuses attention and thought on specific aspects of the world
Areas of exceptionality and potential impact on student learning - โ โ 1. Cognitive: impacts how students learn abstract concepts, participate in classwork, and regulate their emotions, cognitive abilities have the possibility to predict academic performance
- Auditory: causes a break in communication. Could result in misinformation, misunderstandings, or impacts the ability to read, and express feelings clearly receptive and expressive language
- Visual: directly impacts the ability to learn, read, and retain information
- Motor/ physical: lack of motor or physical ability can stunt or delay cognitive development
- Speech/ language: impacts the Childs ability to complete tasks or assignments as expected and could affect self confidence and motivation levels
- Behavioral: can affect the ability to learn and impacts others learning environment
What is the Americans with Disabilities Act? - โ โ Prohibits employment discrimination on the basis of disability
What is the Disabilities education act? (IDEA) - โ โ Ensures free/ appropriate public education to eligible children with disabilities throughout the nation (special education individualize to the students needs)
What is 504?
(rehabilitation act) - โ โ designed to help parents of students with physical or mental impairments in public schools, or publicly funded private schools, work with educators to design customized educational plans. These 504 plans legally ensure that students will be treated fairly at school. The goal of 504 plans is for students to be educated in regular classrooms along with the services, accommodations, or educational aids they might need. A 504 plan is monitored by classroom teachers
What are the needs and behaviors of intellectually gifted students? - โ โ 1. Exhibit superior reasoning powers and the ability to handle ideas
- Generalize readily from specific facts and see subtle relationships
- Outstanding problem solving ability
- Persistent intellectual curiosity
- Asks searching questions
affairs will be strengthened and become habitual responses to that situation
- Law of readiness: a satisfying state of affairs results when an individual is ready to learn and is allowed to do so
- Law of exercise: behavior is more strongly established through frequent connections of stimulus and response
What is Maslow's hierarchy of needs? - โ โ motivational theory that suggest that before individuals meet their full potential they need to satisfy a series of needs
- Physiological needs
- Safety and Security needs
- Love and Belonging Needs
- Self esteem
- self actualization
What is self-determination? - โ โ Having the belief that all individuals have to right to direct their own lives
What is attribution? - โ โ the process of explaining one's own behavior and the behavior of others
What is cognitive dissonance? - โ โ When new information is presented to learners that is unfamiliar or contradictory to their existing knowledge
What are the four strategies of developing self-motivation? - โ โ 1. Valuable tasks
- Frequent positive feedback
- Including students in instructional decisions
- De-emphasizing grades
What is the difference between Bruner and Piagets theories of cognitive development in children? - โ โ Piaget ends at childhood, Bruner passes his stages into adulthood
What are the differences between higher and lower order thinking in classroom activities using blooms taxonomy as a guide? - โ โ Lower order thinking involves memorization
Higher order thinking involves understanding and applying knowledge
What is Cognitivism? - โ โ framework for cognitive development and knowledge acquisition and is a shift away from learning theories that focus on observable behavior
What is a schema? - โ โ a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
What is information processing? - โ โ Is a theory advanced by George A. Miller who stressed the idea that short-term memory could only hold 5-9 chunks of information (seven plus or minus two).
The term chunk represents any meaningful unit (i.e. digits, words, pictures, etc ...). The concept of chunking and the limited capacity of shore-term memory became a basic element of all subsequent memory theories.
Theoretical Foundations on how students learn - โ โ 1. know how knowledge is constructed
The process of learning should go from concrete to abstract and should follow three steps
- Hands on
- Learning with images
- Transform to language
What are the four major aspects instruction should cover according to bruner? - โ โ 1. Predisposition towards learning
- Ways in which a body of knowledge can be structured so that it can be most readily grasped by the learner
- The most effective sequences to present material
- The nature and pacing of rewards and punishments
According to Bruner, what is a Spiral Curriculum? - โ โ 1. Revisit topics at regular intervals
- Complexity increases with each visit
- Learning has a relationship with previous topics covered
Dewey - โ โ PROGRESSIVE EDUCATION: education should be experiential and relevant
What is experiential learning according to Dewey? - โ โ children do better by doing because they are in the present, not in distant future
What are Deweys four principals? - โ โ 1. Doing
- Discussing
- Interacting
- Interdisciplinary/ connecting
Piaget - โ โ Established the theories of cognitive development
According to Piaget, what are the theories in education? - โ โ Active exploration
Inquiry learning
Discovery learning
Developmentally appropriate instruction
Maximize curiosity and minimize frustration
Play is valuable way to learn
Social interaction
According to Piaget, what are Schema? - โ โ Structured cluster of concepts, can be used to represent objects scenarios or sequences of events or relations
What is assimilation? - โ โ make new information fit in with the students existing understanding of the world
What is accommodation? - โ โ use if they don't fit into the existing schema
Vygotsky - โ โ Developed the theory of cognitive development
Zone of proximal development: distance between what a learner is not currently capable of doing unsupported and what they can do unsupported
curriculum students with disabilities should receive instruction based on their learning needs.
What is social learning theory? - โ โ the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished
What is modeling? - โ โ the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
What is reciprocal determinism? - โ โ the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment
What is vicarious learning? - โ โ the process of learning by observing the consequences of another's actions and adjusting behavior accordingly.
What is constructivism? - โ โ how people construct their own understanding and knowledge of the world through experiencing things and reflecting on those experiences
What is problem based learning? - โ โ real world problems are used as the vehicle to promote student learning
According to Vygotsky what is the zone of proximal development? - โ โ Distance between what a learner is currently capable of doing unsupported and what they can do unsupported it is the range where they are capable only with support from someone with more knowledge or expertise
What is scaffolding inquiry and discovery learning? - โ โ Students are provided with materials to find the answer to a problem on their own
What is behavorism? - โ โ Behaviorism sought to explain human behavior in terms of learning principles such as reward and punishment
What is classical conditioning? - โ โ Learning through association
According to Skinner, what is operant conditioning? - โ โ ยทthe best way to understand behavior is to look at the causes of an action and its consequences
What are analytical checklists? - โ โ Set of strict criteria teachers provide to ensure students understand how to fulfill all requirements of an assignment
What are scoring guides? - โ โ Assign points to different levels of student performance
What are anecdotal notes? - โ โ Brief notes as you observe students, document behaviors in different subjects and in social emotional/ physical development
What is a continuum? - โ โ Shows teachers how students are performing and what they are ready to learn
What is holistic scoring? - โ โ Provides a single score regarding the quality of the work
What is direct instruction? - โ โ Explicit teaching, drill and practice, lecture, demos, guides for reading listening and viewing
