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Praxis PLT ;118 Quiz Questions With
Answers
Extinction - โ โ Occurs when a previously reinforced response is no longer reinforced and the response decreases. In the classroom, the most common use of this is for the teacher to withdraw attention from a behavior the attention is maintaining.
Evaluation Questions - โ โ Make a value decision about an issue in the lesson.
Formal Assessment - โ โ Pre-planned, systematic attempt to assess what students have learned.
Formative Assessment - โ โ The process of collecting, synthesizing, and interpreting, information for the purpose of improving student learning while instruction is taking place:
Assessment for improvement during the course, not grading
Used to modify instruction.
Functional Mental Retardation - โ โ A condition with an onset before age 18 that involved low intelligence and difficulty in adpating to everyday life. Diagnosis determined by a medical professional for a child who exhibits difficulties with age-specific activities, communication, daily living activities, and getting along with others.
Flexible Grouping - โ โ Groups that change as the students' learning needs change
Formal Operational - โ โ Occurs from ages 11 and up in which a child can reason in hypothetical situations and use abstract thought. Students at this stage can use logical operations to abstract problems.
Generalizing - โ โ Draw or state a general conclusion from a number or items or instances, making a statement about what several people or things have in common, finding and extending patterns.
Guided Practice - โ โ The teacher guides and assists students as they learn how and when to apply the strategy, practice done with frequent and immediate teacher assistance.
Grade- Equivalent Scores - โ โ Test scores indicating the grade level and month of students performance to whom a test taker performed most similarly.
Holistic Scoring - โ โ Essay scoring method in which a single score is given to represent the overall quality of the essay across all dimensions.
Heirarchy of Needs - โ โ Maslow's concept that individual needs must be satisfied in this sequence; physiological, safety, love, and belongingness, esteem, and self actualization.
Howard Gardner - โ โ Suggests that the traditional notion of intelligence, based on IQ, is too limited
He proposes eight different intelligences:
- Love and belongingness
- Esteem
- Self-Actualization: Peace, Self-fulfillment
Abraham Maslow - โ โ Lower level needs must be satisfied before individuals can progress to higher levels of achievement.
Achievement Tests - โ โ Designed to measure a student's knowledge or profiency in something that has been taught or learned; used in a variety of subjects and levels.
Americans with Disabilities Act - ADA - โ โ Federal law that prohibits discrimination on the basis of a person's disability for all services, programs, and activities provided or made available by the state or local governments. Passed in 1990.
Albert Bandura - โ โ "Social Learning Theory" - Behavior can be learned through the observations of others.
Social Learning Theory - โ โ Behavior of children can be learned through the observations of others.
Albert Bandura - โ โ Found that observational learning requires attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation; "Modeling".
Attribution - โ โ The process of explaining people's behavior, including our own.
Accidental of Critical Thinking - โ โ Done by choice encounter.
Attention Deficit Disorder - ADD - โ โ Disability in which children consistently show one or more characteristics over a period of time; inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
May have difficulty focusing, following directions, organizing, making transitions, and completing tasks.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder - ADHD - โ โ Disability in which children consistently show one or more characteristics over a period of time; inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
May have impulsivity, sitting still, and taking turns.
Adolescence - โ โ Time period between the beginning of puberty and adulthood in which a child negotiates identity vs. role confusion with key event of a sense identity.
Analysis Questions - โ โ What are the features of?
How does this compare with?
Alternative Assessment - โ โ Offer students more choices than they would have in taking a test or writing an essay.
Affective - โ โ A term which refers to emotions and attitudes.
Analytical Scoring - โ โ Scoring method which separate scores are given for specific aspects of the essay. A scoring procedure in which a student's work is evaluated for selected characteristics, with EACH CHARACTERISTIC receiving a separate score
- Allows for students investigation.
Advantages of Direct Instruction - โ โ 1. Introduce new information or tasks.
- It can be easy to judge how well the students are progressing.
- Teacher has control
- Easy to measure if curriculum needs are being met
- Quick way to learn information.
Advantages of Independent Learning - โ โ 1. Learn life long learning skills
- Identify learning style that suits the learner best
- Learn higher order thinking
- Mirrors real life adult learning
Advance Organizers - โ โ Introducted before learning begins; link prior knowledge to current. Ex. Sematic Map, Webs, KWL chart, Concept Map
Basic Cognitive Process - โ โ 1. Critical Thinking
- Creative Thinking
- Questioning
- Inductive and Deductive Reasoning
- Problem Solving
- Planning Memory
- Recall
Bloom's Taxonomy - โ โ Developed by Bejamin Bloom and identifies educational objectives by the order of lower to higher level thinking skills.
Bloom's Taxonomy - โ โ Hierarchy Level of thinking which categorizes the skills required at each level according to difficulty:
- Knowledge
- Comprehension
- Application
- Analysis
- Synthesis
- Evaluation
B.F. Skinner - โ โ "Operant Conditioning"
Based on the idea that learning is a function of change in observable behavior. Changed in behavior are the result of a person's response to events. When a stimulus-response is reinforced, the indivivual becomes conditioned to respond, which is operant conditioning.
B.F. Skinner - โ โ Behavior approach to learning.
Benjamin Bloom - โ โ Established a hierarchy of educational objectives that attempted to divide cognitive objectives into subdivisions ranging from simplest to most complex behavior.
Zone of Proximal Development
Scaffolding
Inquiry/Discovery Learning
Social Learning Theory Concepts - โ โ Modeling
Reciprocal Determinism
Vicarious Learning
Cloze Procedure - โ โ An assessment method used to determind readability of a text that involves deleting words from the text and leaving blank spaces. The teacher chooses a text of atleast 250 words, leaves the first and last sentences alone, and deletes every fifth word in the text.
Carol Gilligan - โ โ Known for "Stages of the Ethic of Care" based on the moral development of women.
Carol Gilligan - โ โ Moral development studies to follow up Kohlberg. She studied girls and women and found that they did not score as high on his six stage scale because they focused more on relationships rather than laws and principles. Their reasonings were different.
Criterion-Referenced - โ โ A test designed to indicate how an individual performs in comparison to a pre-established acceptable criterion, rather than the performance of other students.
Comprehension Questions - โ โ Interpret, retell, organize, and select facts.
Cooperative Learning - โ โ Students work together to solve a problem or achieve a goal; they help each other learn. Ex. Think-Pair- Share, Jigsaw
Coaching - โ โ Giving advice, direction or information to improve performance
Cognitive Processes - โ โ Emphasizes ways to enhance student's intrinsic nature and make sense of the world around them. Ex. Critical thinking, creative thinking, questioning, inductive and deductive reasoning, problem solving, planning, memory, recall.
Concept Mapping - โ โ A visual means of exploring connections between a subject and related ideas and identify, graphically display, and link key concepts. Way to organize.
Cooperative Learning Groups - โ โ Students working together in small groups (4-6 students). Mix together students of different abilities, each student needs a job, teacher needs to monitor and adjust groups.
Creative Thinking - โ โ Finding new ideas by joining old ones. The more knowledge one possesses allows for larger base of information to use towards creative thinking. Yields a productive and culturally appropriate result. Come up with unique solutions to problems.
Creative Thinking Processes - โ โ Accidently
Deliberately
Through an on going process
Critical Thinking Processes - โ โ The pursuit of knowledge that:
- Asks appropriate questions
-Generating Applicable Topics
-Planning Instruction for each Discipline
-Designing Integrative Assessment
Critical Thinking - โ โ Rationally deciding what to believe or what to do. When one rationally decides something, he or she evaluates information to see if it makes sense, whether it's coherent, and whether the argument is well founded on evidence. Thinking reflectively and productively and evaluating evidence.
Critical Thinking Characteristics - โ โ 1. Organize thoughts for articulation
- Uses evidence relevantly and objectively
- Makes judgements after evidence
- Understands different beliefs and points of view
- Sees hidden similarities
- Learns indepentently
- Applies knowledge to new situations
- Can articulate irrelevance in arguments
- Questions your own views
- Aware that some knowledge contains bias
Concrete - โ โ Most visable level of culture including: clothes, music, games, and food. Having a material existence; not abstract; tangible.
Concrete Operational - โ โ Occurs from ages 7-11 in which the child reasons logically in familiar situations and can conserve and reverse operations.
Conventional (G) - โ โ Moral Stage with the goal of self-sacrifice as goodness
Conventional 1 (K) - โ โ Moral stage with the social orientation of "good boy/good girl"
Conventional 2 (K) - โ โ Moral stage with social orientation of law and order
Code of Ethics - โ โ Principles of conduct within an organization that guide decision making and behavior.
Cognitivism - โ โ A theory of learning. The idea is that learning is a conscious, rational process. People learn by making models, maps and frameworks in their mind. ~ is the opposite of behaviorism. Uses maniplulatives and real-life learning opportunities that are relevant to students' prior experiences. Teachers stimulate cognitive developemtn, mediate student learning and monitor thought processes.
Continuous Reinforcement - โ โ Student is reinforced every time she makes a response. In this type of reinforcement, students learn very rapidly. but when the reinforcement stops, extinction also occurs rapidly.
Curriculum Webbing - โ โ tool used to help teachers relate and plan for all areas and development using a central theme.
Direct Instruction - โ โ Structured Teacher-centered instruction which includes lecture, presentation, and recitation. Lessons are carefully planned and presented in small attainable increments with clearly defined foals and objectives. Keep negative affect to a minumum.
Direct Instruction Steps - โ โ 1. Introduce a task.
- Provide a background.
- Give student individual work.
- Instructor provides immediate feedback.
Developmental Delays - โ โ Students with one or more of the following difficulties; self-care, expressive or receptive language, learning, mobility, self-direction, capacity for independent living, and economic self-sufficiency. They may have scattered or arrested gross/fine motor skills- usually proximals to distal.
Group Configurations for Learning - โ โ 1. Whole Class
- Small Group
- Independent
- One to One
- Pair Share
Differentiated Instruction - โ โ Involves recognizing individual variations in students' knowledge, readiness, interests, and other characteristics and taking these differences into account when planning curriculum and engaging instruction.
Discovery Learning - โ โ Teaching methods that enable students to discover information by themselves or in groups. Students construct an understanding on their own.
Direct Instruction Disadvantages - โ โ 1. Students are taught as a whole, not individuals
- Learning may seem irrelevant
- Low retention levels
- Various students needs are not catered to
Independent Learning Disadvantages - โ โ 1. Some students feel discouraged
- Some students need more teacher interaction
- Low number of students who understand this environment and are able to act naturally
Distance Learning - โ โ Process of delivering educational or instructional programs to locations away from a classroom site.
Due Process - โ โ The set of procedures or safeguards that gives students with disabilities and their parents extensive rights.
Experiential Learning - โ โ Learning from experiences.
Independent Learning students must - โ โ 1. feel enabled by teachers
- practive with perservering through problems on their own
- recognize their own faults as a learner
Learners from associations or connections between a stimulus and a response. Through trial an error, reward responses would be strengthened.
Extrinsic Motivation - โ โ Motivation that comes from "without", or from outside a person.
Individuals with Disabilites Education Act-IDEA - โ โ A federal statute made up of several grant programs to states in education students with disabilities. It specifically lists types of disabilities and conditions that render a child entitled to special education.
Early Childhood - โ โ Period between 2-6, in which a child negotiates initiative vs. guilt with a key event of independence.
Elementary or Middle School - โ โ Period between 6-12 in which a child negotiates competence vs. inferority with a key event of school.
ELL, ESL, or PLNE - โ โ Terms used to describe students who are learning English as a second language.
Emergent Curriculum - โ โ Child-centered curriculum that "emerges" from the children's interest and experiences. It involves both the participation of teachers and children in decision making.
Exceptional Learners - โ โ Students who have abilities or problems so significant that the students require special education or other services to reach their potential.
