Renal Failure: Etiology, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Management, Slides of Nursing

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Presentation on

Renal Failure

Presented by Mr. Jatinder Kumar M.Sc. Nursing 1 st Year

Introduction

Renal failure or kidney failure (formerly called renal

insufficiency) is a situation in which the kidneys fail to

function adequately. If the kidney function fails, the waste

products accumulate in the blood and the body leading to

a disruption in endocrine and metabolic functions as well

as fluid, electrolyte, and acid -base disturbances.

Types

1. Acute renal failure 2. Chronic renal failure ACUTE RENAL FAILURE: Definition: ● Acute kidney failure is the sudden and complete loss of the ability of the kidneys to remove waste. ● It occurs when the kidneys stop working over a period of hours, days, or in some cases, weeks. Chronic renal failure :- Definition - Chronic renal failure, also known as chronic kidney disease (CKD), is a long-term condition where the kidneys gradually lose function over time. This can eventually lead to end-stage renal disease (ESRD), where the kidneys can no longer support the body's needs.

ETIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS Acute kidney failure almost always occurs in connection with another medical condition or event. Conditions that increase risk of acute kidney failure include: Advanced age Blockages in the blood vessels in arms or legs (peripheral artery disease) Diabetes High blood pressure Heart failure Kidney diseases Liver disease

DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATIONS Diagnosing chronic renal failure (chronic kidney disease, CKD) involves several tests to assess kidney function and identify any abnormalities. Here are the key diagnostic tests:

1. Blood Tests: Serum Creatinine: Measures the level of creatinine in the blood, Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR): Estimates how well the kidneys are filtering waste from the blood. Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN): Measures the amount of nitrogen in the blood that comes from the waste product urea. 2. Urine Tests: Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio (ACR): Measures the amount of albumin (a protein) in the urine relative to the amount of creatinine. High levels of albumin can indicate kidney damage.

3. Imaging Tests Ultrasound CT Scan
4. Kidney Biopsy.

and increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Limit Alcohol: Reducing alcohol intake can help prevent further kidney damage. Medications Blood Pressure Medications: ACE inhibitors or ARBs can help control blood pressure and protect kidney function. e.g. Lisinopril (10 mg once daily) Diabetes Medications: Proper management of diabetes with medications can slow the progression of kidney disease. Cholesterol-lowering Medications: Statins may be prescribed to manage cholesterol levels and reduce cardiovascular risk. e.g. Atorvastatin 10 to 20 mg once daily.

Medical Procedures Dialysis Kidney Transplant