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Preventive Medicine: Complete Exam Set (30 Questions & Answers)
1. Define primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention and provide one example for each. Primary prevention: Prevents disease before it occurs (e.g., vaccination against influenza). Secondary prevention: Early detection and treatment to halt disease progression (e.g., mammography for breast cancer screening). Tertiary prevention: Reduces complications and improves quality of life in established disease (e.g., rehabilitation after stroke). 2. What is primordial prevention, and how does it differ from primary prevention? Primordial prevention aims to prevent the emergence of risk factors themselves (e.g., policies to reduce tobacco use in the population), while primary prevention targets existing risk factors to prevent disease onset. 3. Explain the role of screening in preventive medicine. Screening identifies asymptomatic individuals with early disease or risk factors to enable timely intervention and reduce morbidity and mortality. 4. List the key criteria that make a disease suitable for screening. The disease should be an important health problem, have a detectable early stage, an effective treatment, a suitable and acceptable test, and the benefits of screening should outweigh harms and costs.
5. What is herd immunity and why is it important? Herd immunity occurs when a sufficient proportion of a population is immune to an infectious disease, reducing its spread and protecting those who are not immune. 6. Name three modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease and their preventive interventions. Smoking (cessation programs), hypertension (dietary salt reduction and medication), and physical inactivity (exercise promotion). 7. How does epidemiology support preventive medicine? Epidemiology studies disease patterns and risk factors in populations, informing targeted prevention strategies and resource allocation. 8. Differentiate between incidence and prevalence. Incidence is the number of new cases in a population over a period; prevalence is the total number of existing cases at a given time. 9. Describe the importance of lifestyle modifications in chronic disease prevention. Lifestyle changes such as healthy diet, regular physical activity, smoking cessation, and moderation of alcohol intake reduce risk factors and prevent diseases like diabetes and heart disease. 10. What is the significance of the “number needed to treat” (NNT) in preventive interventions?
Lead time bias occurs when early detection increases the time a person knows about the disease without changing the actual outcome, potentially overestimating screening benefits.
17. How can health education improve preventive medicine outcomes? By increasing awareness and knowledge, health education motivates individuals to adopt healthy behaviors and comply with screening and treatment recommendations. 18. Describe the role of genetic counseling in preventive medicine. Genetic counseling assesses inherited disease risks and guides individuals on preventive measures, early detection, and family planning. 19. What ethical considerations arise in preventive medicine? Balancing individual autonomy with public health benefits, ensuring informed consent, maintaining confidentiality, and promoting equitable access to preventive services. 20. How does risk stratification improve preventive care? It identifies individuals at higher risk to tailor interventions effectively and optimize resource use. 21. Differentiate between relative risk and absolute risk. Relative risk compares risk between two groups; absolute risk is the actual probability of an event occurring in a group. 22. Why is adherence important in preventive interventions? Non-adherence reduces the effectiveness of preventive measures and increases the risk of disease development or progression.
23. What role do community health workers play in preventive medicine? They provide education, support, and linkage to preventive services, especially in underserved populations. 24. How does hypertension screening contribute to secondary prevention? Early detection allows timely treatment to prevent complications such as stroke and heart attack. 25. What factors influence the choice of a screening test? Sensitivity, specificity, cost, acceptability, ease of administration, and disease prevalence. 26. Differentiate between morbidity and mortality in public health. Morbidity refers to the presence of disease or disability; mortality refers to death rates. 27. What is a health risk assessment and its purpose? A tool to identify individual risk factors and guide personalized preventive strategies. 28. How can technology enhance preventive medicine delivery? Through electronic health records, automated reminders, telemedicine, and mobile health applications that improve screening, counseling, and follow-up. 29. Discuss the impact of vaccination hesitancy on public health. It reduces vaccine coverage, undermines herd immunity, and increases the risk of outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases.
