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Prokaryotic Cells and Microbial Diversity, Exams of Biology

Fresno City CollegeBiology

A comprehensive overview of various aspects of prokaryotic cells and microbial diversity. It covers topics such as the goal of bioremediation, the impact of broad-spectrum antibiotics on intestinal bacteria, the role of prokaryotes in the nitrogen cycle, the evolution of aerobic respiration, the origin of chloroplasts, the cambrian explosion, the cell theory, the black death pandemic, the characteristics of prokaryotic cells, genetic recombination in prokaryotes, the importance of decomposers in ecosystems, the characteristics of cyanobacteria, the definition of mutualism, the evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and the differences between autotrophy and heterotrophy. The document also includes detailed explanations and answers to multiple-choice questions on these topics, making it a valuable resource for students studying microbiology, biology, and related fields.

Typology: Exams

2023/2024

Available from 08/27/2024

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BIOL 211 Exam 1 Stewart Questions with
100% Correct Answers | Latest Version
2024 | Verified
What is the goal of bioremediation? - ✔✔To clean up areas polluted with toxic compounds using
bacteria
Broad-spectrum antibiotics inhibit the growth of most intestinal bacteria. Consequently, assuming that
nothing is done to counter the reduction of intestinal bacteria, a hospital patient who is receiving broad-
spectrum antibiotics is most likely to become - ✔✔deficient in certain vitamins and nutrients
If prokaryotes did not exist, what would change in the nitrogen cycle? - ✔✔The rate of movement of
nitrogen atoms through ecosystems would be much slower
Multicellularity and large body size of eukaryotic organisms require high metabolic rates and efficient
ATP production by aerobic respiration. How did bacteria change Earth's atmosphere to enable aerobic
respiration? - ✔✔Oxygenic photosynthesis by cyanobacteria significantly increased the amount of
oxygen in the atmosphere.
Which of the following would be useful in creating a phylogenetic tree of a vertebrate taxon?
I. morphological data from fossil species
II. genetic sequences from living species
III. behavioral data from living species - ✔✔I,II, and III
Whatever its ultimate cause(s), the Cambrian explosion is a prime example of ___________ -
✔✔Adaptive radiation
When single lineage produces many descendant species with a wide range of adaptive forms. -
✔✔Adaptive Radiation
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Download Prokaryotic Cells and Microbial Diversity and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity!

BIOL 211 Exam 1 Stewart Questions with

100% Correct Answers | Latest Version

2024 | Verified

What is the goal of bioremediation? - ✔✔To clean up areas polluted with toxic compounds using bacteria Broad-spectrum antibiotics inhibit the growth of most intestinal bacteria. Consequently, assuming that nothing is done to counter the reduction of intestinal bacteria, a hospital patient who is receiving broad- spectrum antibiotics is most likely to become - ✔✔deficient in certain vitamins and nutrients If prokaryotes did not exist, what would change in the nitrogen cycle? - ✔✔The rate of movement of nitrogen atoms through ecosystems would be much slower Multicellularity and large body size of eukaryotic organisms require high metabolic rates and efficient ATP production by aerobic respiration. How did bacteria change Earth's atmosphere to enable aerobic respiration? - ✔✔Oxygenic photosynthesis by cyanobacteria significantly increased the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere. Which of the following would be useful in creating a phylogenetic tree of a vertebrate taxon? I. morphological data from fossil species II. genetic sequences from living species III. behavioral data from living species - ✔✔I,II, and III Whatever its ultimate cause(s), the Cambrian explosion is a prime example of ___________ - ✔✔Adaptive radiation When single lineage produces many descendant species with a wide range of adaptive forms. - ✔✔Adaptive Radiation

Chloroplasts found in plants arose via _____ - ✔✔endosymbiosis of cyanobacteria Cambrian explosion time frame? - ✔✔540 MYA One part of the cell theory states that all cells come from _____ - ✔✔pre-existing cells In comparison to eukaryotes, prokaryotes_______ - ✔✔are smaller In the 14th century, what reduced European human population by 30-60%? - ✔✔Black Death pandemic or bubonic plague

  1. What was believed to have begun the spread of this bacterium a. Wasps b. Rat flea c. Common flea d. House fly - ✔✔Rat flea A pathogen is a________? a. virus b. Prion c. disease causing organism d. type of antibiotic - ✔✔Disease causing organism Two contributing factors to the Black Death pandemic were poor hygiene and the pathogenic life cycle. why might these two factors have had such a big impact on the spread of this deadly bacteria? - ✔✔Flea and rat infestations were huge problem due to cleanliness people didn't know ow to treat pathogens. Spiraled out of control.

Prokaryotes reproduce by asexual (fission.) However, in order to transfer the DNA they use a method called conjugation. Genetic recombination which literally means "recombining genes" is important so the prokaryotic cells can produce cells with new gene combinations in order to evolve. - ✔✔

  1. Which of the following statements accurately describes the process of gene transfer in prokaryotes, and also explains why this process is important? a) Two cells join by a conjugation tube, the entire DNA molecule in one cell is transferred to the other cell. The cell receiving DNA now has much greater fitness than it did originally because the amount of DNA in its cell has doubled. b) Two cells join by a conjugation tube, part of the DNA molecule in one cell is copied and transferred to the other cell. The cell receiving DNA may now have a new combination of genes. c) One cell surrounds and engulfs another cell. Rather than the consumer digesting the prey, the prey cell takes up residence within the consumer cell. DNA of the prey cell is incorporated into DNA of the consumer cell. d) One cell surrounds and engulfs another cell. DNA of the consumer cell is degraded and replaced by DNA of prey cell. This proc - ✔✔b) Two cells join by a conjugation tube, part of the DNA molecule in one cell is copied and transferred to the other cell. The cell receiving DNA may now have a new combination of genes. What is the significance of a prokaryotic endospore? - ✔✔Endospore is thick-walled and dormant. It enables survival during periods of environmental stress. True or false: The ancestor of all modern life was a prokaryote. - ✔✔True Prokaryotes are abundant and ubiquitous (found everywhere) microbes. Why are they so important? - ✔✔Make up 50% of the earth's biomass. Occupy all ecosystems. Free living and symbiotic. Which of the following statements are accurate and explain why decomposers are important in ecosystems?

a) Decomposers excrete nutrients after consuming dead organisms, making nutrients available to primary producers. b) Decomposers obtain energy and nutrients by consuming dead organisms. Much of this energy and nutrients are transferred to organisms that subsequently consume these decomposers. c) Decomposers convert light energy to energy stored in biomass (through autotrophy). d Statements a and b are both accurate and explain why decomposers are important in ecosystems. - ✔✔d Statements a and b are both accurate and explain why decomposers are important in ecosystems.

  1. Which of the following describe traits of cyanobacteria? a. Cyanobacteria are autotrophs b. Cyanobacteria convert nitrogen gas to organic nitrogen c. Cyanobacteria produce toxins that can be harmful to human and wildlife health d. All of the above - ✔✔d. All of the above In your own words, what is the definition of mutualistic? - ✔✔Symbiotic relationship in which both types of organisms benefit How did antibiotic-resistant populations of bacteria evolve? (key term!) - ✔✔Natural Selection
  2. Which of the following statements accurately describe antibiotics? a) Antibiotics are molecules, often derived from non-pathogenic bacteria, that kill pathogens by disrupting cell wall synthesis. b) Antibiotics are pathogenic bacteria that cause many diseases, including strep throat, Lyme disease, tuberculosis, and plague. c) Antibiotics are a group of bacteria that form mutualistic associations with humans (e.g., gut bacteria). d) Antibiotics are a group of bacteria that are used in pollution remediation, including treatment of wastewater and cleaning up oil spills. - ✔✔a) Antibiotics are molecules, often derived from non- pathogenic bacteria, that kill pathogens by disrupting cell wall synthesis.
  3. What is the definition of a prion?

d. all individuals of the same species that inhabit that same geographic area - ✔✔All individuals of the same species that inhabit that same geographical area. With your partner, brainstorm some ideas explaining why a human is less likely to die from a bacterial infection in the year 2017 than in the year 1865 - ✔✔Due to emergence of the "Germ Theory of Disease", good hygiene is more likely to be practiced when treating patients in 2017 than in 1865. We have a better understanding of pathogenic bacteria life cycles in 2017 than in 1865. Antibiotics are available to treat bacterial diseases in 2017. What are the two mechanisms of energy acquisition? - ✔✔Autotrophy ex: photosynthesis and heterotrophy ex: consumption

  1. What is the difference between anaerobic and aerobic cellular respiration? What does cellular respiration do? - ✔✔Converts energy stored as carbs to ATP
  2. Which of the following statements accurately describes the process of gene transfer in prokaryotes, and also explains why this process is important? a) Two cells join by a conjugation tube, the entire DNA molecule in one cell is transferred to the other cell. The cell receiving DNA now has much greater fitness than it did originally because the amount of DNA in its cell has doubled. b) Two cells join by a conjugation tube, part of the DNA molecule in one cell is copied and transferred to the other cell. The cell receiving DNA may now have a new combination of genes. c) One cell surrounds and engulfs another cell. Rather than the consumer digesting the prey, the prey cell takes up residence within the consumer cell. DNA of the prey cell is incorporated into DNA of the consumer cell. d) One cell surrounds and engulfs another cell. DNA of the consumer cell is degraded and replaced by DNA of prey cell. This process - ✔✔Two cells join by a conjugation tube, part of the DNA molecule in one cell is copied and transferred to the other cell. The cell receiving DNA may now have a new combination of genes.
  3. List heterotrophic bacteria characteristics: - ✔✔a. Prokaryote cells b. Unicellular or colonies c. Heterotrophs
  1. Cyanobacteria characteristics: - ✔✔a. Prokaryote cells b. Unicellular or colonies c. Autotrophs - chlorophyll for photosynthesis
  2. Which of the following statements accurately describes antibiotics?
  3. Which of the following statements accurately describes antibiotics? a. Antibotics are pathogenic bacteria that cause many diseases, including strep throat, Lyme disease, tuberculosis, and plague. b. a) Antibiotics are molecules, often derived from non-pathogenic bacteria, that kill pathogens by disrupting cell wall synthesis. c. Antibiotics are a group of bacteria that form mutualistic associations with humans (e.g., gut bacteria). d. Antibiotics are a group of bacteria that are used in pollution remediation, including treatment of wastewater and cleaning up oil spills. - ✔✔a) Antibiotics are molecules, often derived from non- pathogenic bacteria, that kill pathogens by disrupting cell wall synthesis.
  4. Remember it is believed that the first organisms to inhabit Earth was similar to modern prokaryotes (heterotrophic bacteria). What emerged next? - ✔✔Protists - plants - animals
  5. Which of the following statements are correct? a. Cyanobacteria blooms (population explosions) occur when excessive quantities of nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus) enter aquatic ecosystems. b. Following cyanobacteria blooms, oxygen is depleted when aerobic bacteria consume dead cyanobacteria. c. Some cyanobacteria produce toxins that are harmful to animals and humans. d. Statements a, b, and c are all correct. - ✔✔d. Statements a, b, and c are all correct.
  6. For a population to evolve, which of the following is necessary?

c) autotrophy d) chloroplasts, heterotrophy, and autotrophy (i.e., all of the above). - ✔✔b) heterotrophy